ASTM D2140-08(2017)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.
5.2 Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D3238. The relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.3
5.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2140 − 08 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practice for
Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of
Petroleum Origin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
compositionofmineralinsulatingoilsbycorrelationwithbasic
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it elimi-
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
nates the necessity for complex fractional separation and
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils
ity)
having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained
Pycnometer
from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity
D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber
constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (r) of the oil are
i
Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-
known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific
Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromato-
gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data
graphic Method
required for use of this test method.
D2501 Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type
Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly
D3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It
and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or
n-d-M Method
uninhibited. D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 percent of aromatic carbons (% C )—the weight
A
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
combined in aromatic ring-type structures.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 percent of naphthenic carbons (% C )—the weight
N
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
combined in naphthenic ring-type structures.
3.1.3 percent of paraffınic carbons (% C )—the weight
P
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
combined in paraffinic chain-type structures.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical
Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D27.07 on Physical Test. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1963 as D2140 – 63 T. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D2140 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D2140-08R17. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2140 − 08 (2017)
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % C ,% C , and % C
A N P
NOTE 1—The resolution of carbon atoms into structural classifications NOTE 2—Fig. 1 is a form of correlation chart that has been found
is independent of whether the structures exist as separate molecules or are satisfactory for use with this method. Other chart forms may be devised
combined with other structural forms in a molecule. For example, a and used in preference to Fig. 1 if it is determined that the data obtained
paraffinic chain may be either an aliphatic hydrocarbon molecule, or may are consistent with similar data from Fig. 1. In addition, some users will
be an alkyl group attached to an aromatic or naphthenic ring. find it convenient to develop a computer program or spreadsheet which
will provide a consistent evaluation of the data.
4. Summary of Practice
5. Significance and Use
4.1 A sample of the oil is tested to determine its viscosity,
density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive 5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize
index. From these measured properties the viscosity-gravity the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2140 − 08 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practice for
Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of
Petroleum Origin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it elimi-
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
nates the necessity for complex fractional separation and
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils
ity)
having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
Pycnometer
from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity
D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber
constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (r ) of the oil are
i
Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-
known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific
Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromato-
gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data
graphic Method
required for use of this test method.
D2501 Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type
Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly
D3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It
and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or
n-d-M Method
uninhibited.
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 percent of aromatic carbons (% C )—the weight
A
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
combined in aromatic ring-type structures.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 percent of naphthenic carbons (% C )—the weight
N
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
combined in naphthenic ring-type structures.
3.1.3 percent of paraffınic carbons (% C )—the weight
P
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
combined in paraffinic chain-type structures.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical
Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D27.07 on Physical Test. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1963 as D2140 – 63 T. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D2140 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D2140-08R17. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2140 − 08 (2017)
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % C , % C , and % C
A N P
NOTE 1—The resolution of carbon atoms into structural classifications NOTE 2—Fig. 1 is a form of correlation chart that has been found
is independent of whether the structures exist as separate molecules or are satisfactory for use with this method. Other chart forms may be devised
combined with other structural forms in a molecule. For example, a and used in preference to Fig. 1 if it is determined that the data obtained
paraffinic chain may be either an aliphatic hydrocarbon molecule, or may are consistent with similar data from Fig. 1. In addition, some users will
be an alkyl group attached to an aromatic or naphthenic ring. find it convenient to develop a computer program or spreadsheet which
will provide a consistent evaluation of the data.
4. Summary of Practice
5. Significance and Use
4.1 A sample of the oil is tested to determine its viscosity,
density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive 5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize
index. From these measured properties the viscosity-gravity the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in
constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (r ) are obtained by observing the effect on o
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2140 − 08 D2140 − 08 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practice for
Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of
Petroleum Origin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic
physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification
procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon
atoms.
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage
of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC)
and refractivity intercept (r ) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index
i
are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used
in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or
uninhibited.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the
Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method
D2501 Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
D3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M
Method
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 percent of aromatic carbons (% C )—the weight percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are combined in
A
aromatic ring-type structures.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.07 on
Physical Test.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008Jan. 1, 2017. Published December 2008February 2017. Originally approved in 1963 as D2140 – 63 T. Last previous edition approved
in 20032008 as D2140 – 03.D2140 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D2140-08.10.1520/D2140-08R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2140 − 08 (2017)
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % C , % C , and % C
A N P
3.1.2 percent of naphthenic carbons (% C )—the weight percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are combined
N
in naphthenic ring-type structures.
3.1.3 percent of paraffınic carbons (% C )—the weight percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are combined
P
in paraffinic chain-type structures.
NOTE 1—The resolution of carbon atoms into structural classifications is independent of whether the structures exist as separate molecules or are
combined with other structural forms in a molecule. For example, a paraffinic chain may be either an aliphatic hydrocarbon molecule, or may be an alkyl
group attached to an aromatic or naphthenic ring.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 A sample of the oil is tested to determine its viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index.
From these measured properties the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (r ) are obtained by calculation,
i
using the equations given. The calculated values of VGC and r are used with Fig. 1, to correlate those parameters with carbon-type
i
composition. The composition in terms of % C , % C , and % C may be read directly from Fig. 1.
A N P
NOTE 2—Fig. 1 is a form of correlation chart that has been found satisfactory for use with this method. Other chart forms may be devised and used
in preference to Fig. 1 if it is determined that the d
...
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