iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D3238-95(2015)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The carbon distribution and ring content serve to express the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum. These data can be used as an adjunct to the bulk properties in monitoring the manufacture of lubricating oil base stocks by distillation, solvent refining or hydrogenation, or both, and in comparing the composition of stocks from different crude sources. Furthermore, the data can often be correlated with critical product performance properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density, and molecular weight (n-d-M).2 This test method should not be applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following ranges:  
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution—up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.  
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.  
Note 1: The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (RA), naphthene rings (RN), and paraffin chains (CP) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% CA), naphthene ring structures (% CN), and paraffin chains (% Cp ).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2015
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0K - Correlative Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3238-95(2010) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015
Replaced By
ASTM D3238-17 - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2017
Referred By
ASTM D2140-08(2017) - Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015
Referred By
ASTM D4056-21 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015

Buy Standard

ASTM D3238-95(2015) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M MethodASTM D3238-95(2015) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D3238-95(2015) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method
English language
2 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview
REDLINE ASTM D3238-95(2015) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M MethodREDLINE ASTM D3238-95(2015) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method
PreviousNext
Standard
REDLINE ASTM D3238-95(2015) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method
English language
2 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3238 − 95 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group
Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3238; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-
distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum
eter
oils from measurements of refractive index, density, and
2 D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
molecular weight (n-d-M). This test method should not be
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following
Pycnometer
ranges:
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution—up to 75 % carbon
High Temperature Combustion and IR Detection
atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger
D2502 Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Mo-
than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.
lecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measure-
1.1.2 Intermsofringcontent—uptofourringspermolecule
ments
with not more than half of them aromatic.Acorrection must be
D2503 TestMethodforRelativeMolecularMass(Molecular
applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.
Weight) of Hydrocarbons by Thermoelectric Measure-
NOTE 1—The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often
ment of Vapor Pressure
expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (R ), naphthene
A
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
rings (R ), and paraffin chains (C ) that would comprise a hypothetical
N P
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
mean molecule.Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms
of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of
3. Summary of Test Method
carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% C ),
A
naphthene ring structures (% C ), and paraffin chains (% C ).
N p
3.1 The refractive index and density of the oil are deter-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
mined at 20 °C. The molecular weight is determined experi-
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
mentally or estimated from measurements of viscosity at
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 37.8 °C and 98.89 °C (100 °F and 210 °F). These data are then
used to calculate the carbon distribution (% C ,% C ,% C )
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
A N P
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- or the ring analysis (R , R ) using the appropriate set of
A N
equations.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The carbon distribution and ring content serve to ex-
press the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petro-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
leum. These data can be used as an adjunct to the bulk
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
propertiesinmonitoringthemanufactureoflubricatingoilbase
stocks by distillation, solvent refining or hydrogenation, or
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
both, and in comparing the composition of stocks from
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
different crude sources. Furthermore, the data can often be
Subcommittee D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods.
correlated with critical product performance properties.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D3238 – 95 (2010).
DOI: 10.1520/D3238-95R15. 5. Measurement of Physical Properties
Van Nes, K., and van Westen, H. A., Aspects of the Constitution of Mineral
5.1 Determine the refractive index of the oil at 20 °C using
Oils, Elsevier, New York, 1951.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Test Method D1218.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.2 Determine the density at 20 °C using Test Method
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
th
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3238 − 95 (Reapproved 2010) D3238 − 95 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group
Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3238; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from
measurements of refractive index, density, and molecular weight (n-d-M). This test method should not be applied to oils whose
compositions are outside the following ranges:
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution—up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than
1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be
applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.
NOTE 1—The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (R ), naphthene rings (R ),
A N
and paraffin chains (C ) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon
P
distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% C ), naphthene ring structures (%
A
C ), and paraffin chains (% C ).
N p
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer
D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by High Temperature Combustion and IR Detection
D2502 Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Molecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measurements
D2503 Test Method for Relative Molecular Mass (Molecular Weight) of Hydrocarbons by Thermoelectric Measurement of
Vapor Pressure
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The refractive index and density of the oil are determined at 20°C.20 °C. The molecular weight is determined
experimentally or estimated from measurements of viscosity at 37.837.8 °C and 98.89°C (10098.89 °C (100 °F and
210°F).210 °F). These data are then used to calculate the carbon distribution (% C , % C , % C ) or the ring analysis (R , R )
A N P A N
using the appropriate set of equations.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The carbon distribution and ring content serve to express the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum. These
data can be used as an adjunct to the bulk properties in monitoring the manufacture of lubricating oil base stocks by distillation,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2015. Published November 2010December 2015. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 20052010
as D3238–95(2005).D3238 – 95 (2010). DOI: 10.1520/D3238-95R10.10.1520/D3238-95R15.
Van Nes, K., and van Westen, H. A., Aspects of the Constitution of Mineral Oils, Elsevier, New York, 1951.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3238 − 95 (2015)
solvent refining or hydrogenation, or both, and in
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D189-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, provided the test is performed on the base fuel without additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately with combustion chamber deposits.  
5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an ash-forming detergent additive may increase the carbon residue value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form deposits.  
5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue values of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as determined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).  
Note 1: The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
Note 2: Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlations have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide variety of petroleum products.
Note 3: The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see Fig. X1.2).
Note 4: In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in the fuel can be detected by Test Method D4046.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin...

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D445-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.  
Note 1: For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.  
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.  
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6300-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 ASTM test methods are frequently intended for use in the manufacture, selling, and buying of materials in accordance with specifications and therefore should provide such precision that when the test is properly performed by a competent operator, the results will be found satisfactory for judging the compliance of the material with the specification. Statements addressing precision and bias are required in ASTM test methods. These then give the user an idea of the precision of the resulting data and its relationship to an accepted reference material or source (if available). Statements addressing determinability are sometimes required as part of the test method procedure in order to provide early warning of a significant degradation of testing quality while processing any series of samples.  
5.2 Repeatability and reproducibility are defined in the precision section of every Committee D02 test method. Determinability is defined above in Section 3. The relationship among the three measures of precision can be tabulated in terms of their different sources of variation (see Table 1).  
5.2.1 When used, determinability is a mandatory part of the Procedure section. It will allow operators to check their technique for the sequence of operations specified. It also ensures that a result based on the set of determined values is not subject to excessive variability from that source.  
5.3 A bias statement furnishes guidelines on the relationship between a set of test results and a related set of accepted reference values. When the bias of a test method is known, a compensating adjustment can be incorporated in the test method.  
5.4 This practice is intended for use by D02 subcommittees in determining precision estimates and bias statements to be used in D02 test methods. Its procedures correspond with ISO 4259 and are the basis for the Committee D02 computer software, Calculation of Precision Data: Petroleum Test Methods. The use of this practice replaces that of Re...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the necessary preparations and planning for the conduct of interlaboratory programs for the development of estimates of precision (determinability, repeatability, and reproducibility) and of bias (absolute and relative), and further presents the standard phraseology for incorporating such information into standard test methods.  
1.2 This practice is generally limited to homogeneous petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants with which serious sampling problems (such as heterogeneity or instability) do not normally arise.  
1.3 This practice may not be suitable for products with sampling problems as described in 1.2, solid or semisolid products such as petroleum coke, industrial pitches, paraffin waxes, greases, or solid lubricants when the heterogeneous properties of the substances create sampling problems. In such instances, consult a trained statistician.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    42 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    42 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6749-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Air Pressure Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Flow characteristics, like pour point, can be critical for the correct operation of lubricating systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations.  
5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the pour point.  
5.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 1 °C or 3 °C intervals.  
5.4 This test method yields a pour point in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP 15 when the 3 °C interval results are reported. However, when specification requires Test Method D97/IP 15, do not substitute this test method.
Note 2: Since some users may wish to report their results in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP 15 (in 3 °C intervals), the precision data were derived for the 3 °C intervals. For statements on bias relative to Test Method D97/IP 15, see 13.3.1.  
5.5 This test method has better repeatability and reproducibility relative to Test Method D97/IP 15 as measured in the 1998 interlaboratory test program (see Section 13).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of pour point of petroleum products by an automatic apparatus that applies a slightly positive air pressure onto the specimen surface while the specimen is being cooled.  
1.2 This test method is designed to cover the range of temperatures from −57 °C to +51 °C; however, the range of temperatures included in the (1998) interlaboratory test program only covered the temperature range from −51 °C to −11 °C.  
1.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 1 °C or 3 °C testing intervals.  
1.4 This test method is not intended for use with crude oils.
Note 1: The applicability of this test method on residual fuel samples has not been verified. For further information on the applicability, refer to 13.4.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D1500-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic, since color is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases, the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range may indicate possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the visual determination of the color of a wide variety of petroleum products, such as lubricating oils, heating oils, diesel fuel oils, and petroleum waxes.  
Note 1: Test Method D156 is applicable to refined products that have an ASTM color lighter than 0.5.
Note 2: The color of some dyed products may extend outside color range defined by the glass reference standards employed in the testing procedure. Furthermore, samples used to determine the precision and bias did not include dyed products.
Note 3: It is up to the user to determine the suitability of this test method for their dyed products.  
1.2 This test method reports results specific to the test method and recorded as “ASTM Color.”  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6708-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice can be used to determine if a constant, proportional, or linear bias correction can improve the degree of agreement between two methods that purport to measure the same property of a material.  
5.2 The bias correction developed in this practice can be applied to a single result (X) obtained from one test method (method X) to obtain a predicted result ( Y^) for the other test method (method Y).
Note 5: Users are cautioned to ensure that  Y^ is within the scope of method Y before its use.  
5.3 The between methods reproducibility established by this practice can be used to construct an interval around  Y^ that would contain the result of test method Y, if it were conducted, with approximately 95 % probability.  
5.4 This practice can be used to guide commercial agreements and product disposition decisions involving test methods that have been evaluated relative to each other in accordance with this practice.  
5.5 The magnitude of a statistically detectable bias is directly related to the uncertainties of the statistics from the experimental study. These uncertainties are related to both the size of the data set and the precision of the processes being studied. A large data set, or, highly precise test method(s), or both, can reduce the uncertainties of experimental statistics to the point where the “statistically detectable” bias can become “trivially small,” or be considered of no practical consequence in the intended use of the test method under study. Therefore, users of this practice are advised to determine in advance as to the magnitude of bias correction below which they would consider it to be unnecessary, or, of no practical concern for the intended application prior to execution of this practice.
Note 6: It should be noted that the determination of this minimum bias of no practical concern is not a statistical decision, but rather, a subjective decision that is directly dependent on the application requirements of the users.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two different standard test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for the purpose of deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. It is intended for use with results obtained from interlaboratory studies meeting the requirement of Practice D6300 or equivalent (for example, ISO 4259). The interlaboratory studies shall be conducted on at least ten materials in common that among them span the intersecting scopes of the test methods, and results shall be obtained from at least six laboratories using each method. Requirements in this practice shall be met in order for the assessment to be considered suitable for publication in either method, if such publication includes claim to have been carried out in compliance with this practice. Any such publication shall include mandatory information regarding certain details of the assessment outcome as specified in the Report section of this practice.  
1.2 The statistical methodology is based on the premise that a bias correction will not be needed. In the absence of strong statistical evidence that a bias correction would result in better agreement between the two methods, a bias correction is not made. If a bias correction is required, then the parsimony principle is followed whereby a simple correction is to be favored over a more complex one.
Note 1: Failure to adhere to the parsimony principle generally results in models that are over-fitted and do not perform well in practice.  
1.3 The bias corrections of this practice are limited to a constant correction, proportional correction, or a linear (proportional + constant) correction.  
1.4 The bias-correction methods of this practice are method symmetric, in the sense that equivalent corrections are obtained regardless of which method is bias-corrected to match the othe...

  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4175-23a(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.  
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places:  (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    84 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    84 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D86-23ae1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in use for such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products and processes.  
5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and the behavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapors.  
5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling point components in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits.  
5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents, particularly those used in paints.  
5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial contract agreements, process refinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (see Note 1), aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, diesel fuels, biodiesel blends up to 30 % volume, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels.
Note 1: An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11 different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15 different samples of ethanol-fuel blends containing 25 % volume, 50 % volume, and 75 % volume ethanol. The results indicate that the repeatability limits of these samples are comparable or within the published repeatability of the method (with the exception of FBP of 75 % ethanol-fuel blends). On this basis, it can be concluded that Test Method D86 is applicable to ethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends with greater than 10 % volume ethanol. See ASTM RR:D02-1694 for supporting data.2  
1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable quantities of residual material.  
1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.  
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilit...

  • Standard
    31 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2425-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of process streams and petroleum products boiling within the range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F) is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties.  
5.2 A test method to determine total cycloparafins and low level aromatic content is necessary to meet specifications for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the mass spectrometer to determine the hydrocarbon types present in conventional and synthesized hydrocarbons that have a boiling range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F), 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86. Samples with average carbon number value of paraffins between C12 and C16 and containing paraffins from C10 and C18 can be analyzed. Eleven hydrocarbon types are determined. These include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH 2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14  (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH 2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics.  
Note 1: This test method was developed on Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation Type 103 Mass Spectrometers. Operating parameters for users with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer are provided.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with full boiling range products that contain no significant olefin content.
Biodiesel (FAME components) could interfere with the separation of the sample and the characteristic mass fragments of FAME compounds are not defined in the procedure.
Hydrocarbons containing tertiary carbon fragments, sometimes found in synthetic aviation fuels, will interfere with the characteristic mass fragments of paraffins and result in a false, elevated cycloparaffin content.
Note 2: “No significant olefin content” for this method means D1319.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 11.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D665-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off