ASTM D1481-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to access the quality of crude oils.
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C.
5.3 The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 and 100°C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in centistokes (mm2/s) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in centipoises (mPa·s).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of oils more viscous than 15 cSt at 20°C (mm2/s), and of viscous oils and melted waxes at elevated temperatures, but not at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor pressure of 100 mm Hg (13 kPa) or above. Note 1—To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 20 or 25°C use Test Method D1217.
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to relative density (specific gravity).
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D1481 −12
Standard Test Method for
Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous
1
Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthedensity 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
of oils more viscous than 15 cSt at 20°C (mm /s), and of D1217Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
viscousoilsandmeltedwaxesatelevatedtemperatures,butnot cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor D1250Guide for Use of the Petroleum MeasurementTables
pressure of 100 mm Hg (13 kPa) or above. D4052Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
NOTE 1—To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 20 or
25°C use Test Method D1217.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for
3.1 Definitions:
converting density to relative density (specific gravity).
3.1.1 density, n—mass per unit volume at a specified
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
temperature. D4052
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
3.1.2 relative density (specific gravity), n—the ratio of the
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
density of a material at a stated temperature to the density of
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
water at a stated temperature. D4052
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
3
4. Summary of Test Method
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
4.1 The liquid is drawn into the bicapillary pycnometer
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
through the removable siphon arm and adjusted to volume at
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
the temperature of test, in such a manner that there is
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
practically no drainage in the unfilled tubing. After equilibra-
may be prohibited by law.
tion at the test temperature, liquid levels are read, and the
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
pycnometer is removed from the thermostated bath, cooled to
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
room temperature, and weighed.
standard.
4.2 Density or relative density (specific gravity), as desired,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
is then calculated from the volume at the test temperature and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
theweightofthesample.Theeffectofairbuoyancyisincluded
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in the calculations.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D02.04.0D on Physical and Chemical Methods. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Originally For a more complete discussion of this procedure, see Lipkin, M. R., Mills, I.
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1481–02(2007). W., Martin, C. C., and Harvey,W.T., Analytical Chemistry,ANCHA,Vol 21, 1949,
DOI: 10.1520/D1481-12. p. 504.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1481−12
FIG. 1 Pycnometer
FIG. 2 Rack for Filling Pycnometer
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be
used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both 6.4 Constant-Temperature Bath—A mixture of water and
the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to access the glycerin, or oil bath having a depth of at least 305 mm (12 in.)
quality of crude oils. and provided with heating, stirring, and thermostating devices
adequatetomaintaindesiredtemperaturesintherangefrom20
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of
to 100°C with an accuracy of 60.01°C.
petro
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1481 − 02 (Reapproved 2007) D1481 − 12
Standard Test Method for
Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous
1
Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of oils more viscous than 15 cSt at 20°C (mm /s), and of viscous
oils and melted waxes at elevated temperatures, but not at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor pressure of 100
mm Hg (13 kPa) or above.
NOTE 1—To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 20 or 25°C use Test Method D1217.
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to relative density (specific gravity).
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. No
other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 density—density, n—the weight in a vacuum (that is, the mass) of a unit volume of the material at any givenmass per unit
volume at a specified temperature. D4052
3.1.2 relative density (specific gravity)—gravity), n—the ratio of the mass (weight in a vacuum) of a given volume of density
of a material at a temperature,stated ttemperature , to the mass of an equal volume of density of water at a reference temperature,
1
stated temperature. t ; or the ratio of the density of the material at t to the density of water at t . D4052
2 1 2
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.04.0D
on Physical and Chemical Methods.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007Nov. 1, 2012. Published January 2008December 2012. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 20022007
as D1481D1481–02(2007).–02. DOI: 10.1520/D1481-02R07.10.1520/D1481-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1481 − 12
FIG. 1 Pycnometer
3
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The liquid is drawn into the bicapillary pycnometer through the removable siphon arm and adjusted to volume at the
temperature of test, in such a manner that there is practically no drainage in the unfilled tubing. After equilibration at the test
temperature, liquid levels are read, and the pycnometer is removed from the thermostated bath, cooled to room temperature, and
weighed.
4.2 Density or relative density (specific gravity), as desired, is then calculated from the volume at the test temperature and the
weight of the sample. The effect of air buoyancy is included in the calcu
...
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