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ASTM D7249/D7249M-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Facing Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Long Beam Flexure

Standard Test Method for Facing Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Long Beam Flexure

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of facing properties of flat sandwich constructions subjected to flexure in such a manner that the applied moments produce curvature of the sandwich facing planes and result in compressive and tensile forces in the facings. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1 - Alternate procedures for determining the compressive strength of unidirectional polymer matrix composites materials in a sandwich beam configuration may be found in Test Method D 5467.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2006
ICS
79.060.01 - Wood-based panels in general
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.09 - Sandwich Construction
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7249/D7249M-12 - Standard Test Method for Facing Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Long Beam Flexure
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D8453/D8453M-22 - Standard Practice for Open-Hole Flexural Strength of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8066/D8066M-23 - Standard Practice Unnotched Compression Testing of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8388/D8388M-22 - Standard Practice for Flexural Residual Strength Testing of Damaged Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8287/D8287M-22 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Residual Strength Properties of Damaged Sandwich Composite Panels
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8285/D8285M-19 - Standard Practice for Compressive Properties of Tapered and Stepped Joints of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates by Sandwich Construction Long Beam Flexure
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7956/D7956M-16 - Standard Practice for Compressive Testing of Thin Damaged Laminates Using a Sandwich Long Beam Flexure Specimen
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM C480/C480M-16 - Standard Test Method for Flexure Creep of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM C393/C393M-20 - Standard Test Method for Core Shear Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Beam Flexure
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8454/D8454M-22 - Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Compressive Strength of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7250/D7250M-20 - Standard Practice for Determining Sandwich Beam Flexural and Shear Stiffness
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006

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ASTM D7249/D7249M-06 - Standard Test Method for Facing Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Long Beam FlexureASTM D7249/D7249M-06 - Standard Test Method for Facing Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Long Beam Flexure
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ASTM D7249/D7249M-06 - Standard Test Method for Facing Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Long Beam Flexure
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7249/D7249M − 06
StandardTest Method for
Facing Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Long
1
Beam Flexure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7249/D7249M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
Composite Materials
1.1 This test method covers determination of facing prop-
D5467/D5467MTest Method for Compressive Properties of
erties of flat sandwich constructions subjected to flexure in
Unidirectional Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Us-
such a manner that the applied moments produce curvature of
ing a Sandwich Beam
the sandwich facing planes and result in compressive and
D7250/D7250MPractice for Determining Sandwich Beam
tensile forces in the facings. Permissible core material forms
Flexural and Shear Stiffness
include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
surfaces (such as honeycomb).
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Lot or Process
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
ASTM Test Methods
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
standard.
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1434Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
NOTE 1—Alternate procedures for determining the compressive
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
strength of unidirectional polymer matrix composites materials in a
sandwich beam configuration may be found in Test Method D5467/ C274 defines terms relating to structural sandwich construc-
D5467M.
tions. Terminology C393 defines terms relating to plastics.
Terminology E6 defines terms relating to mechanical testing.
2. Referenced Documents
Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
statistics.Intheeventofaconflictbetweenterms,Terminology
C274Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
D3878 shall have precedence over the other terminologies.
C393Test Method for Flexural Properties of Sandwich
3.2 Symbols:
Constructions
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
b = specimen width
D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
c = core thickness
CV = coefficient of variation statistic of a sample popu-
lation for a given property (in percent)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
d = sandwich total thickness
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on F,nom
D = effective sandwich flexural stiffness
Sandwich Construction.
f
E = effective facing chord modulus
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. DOI: 10.1520/
ε = measuring strain in facing
D7249_D7249M-06.
u
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
F = facing ultimate strength (tensile or compressive)
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
F = core shear allowable strength
s
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F = core compression allowable strength
c
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7249/D7249M − 06
5.5 Factors that influence the facing strength and shall
k = core shear strength factor to ensure facing failure
therefore be reported include the following: facing material,
l = length of loading span
core material, adhesive material, methods of material
L = length of support
...

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ASTM D7250/D7250M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Sandwich Beam Flexural and Shear Stiffness

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5.1 Flexure tests on flat sandwich constructions may be conducted to determine the sandwich flexural stiffness, the core shear strength and shear modulus, or the facing’s compressive and tensile strengths. Tests to evaluate core shear strength may also be used to evaluate core-to-facing bonds.  
5.2 This practice provides a standard method of determining sandwich flexural and shear stiffness and core shear modulus using calculations involving measured deflections of sandwich flexure specimens. Tests can be conducted on short specimens and on long specimens (or on one specimen loaded in two ways), and the flexural stiffness, shear rigidity, and core shear modulus can be determined by simultaneous solution of the complete deflection equations for each span or each loading. If the facing modulus values are known, a short span beam can be tested and the calculated bending deflection subtracted from the beam's total deflection. This gives the shear deflection from which the transverse shear modulus can be determined.
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Note 2: For cores with high shear modulus, the shear deflection will be quite small and ordinary errors in deflection measurements will cause considerable variations in the calculated shear modulus.
Note 3: To ensure that simple sandwich beam theory is valid, a good rule of thumb for a four-point bending test is the span length divided by the sandwich thickness should be greater than 20 (L1/d > 20) with the ratio of facing thickness to core thickness less than 0.1 (t/c
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1.1 This practice covers determination of the flexural and transverse shear stiffness properties of flat sandwich constructions subjected to flexure in such a manner that the applied moments produce curvature of the sandwich facing planes. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb). The calculation methods in this practice are limited to sandwich beams exhibiting linear force-deflection response. This practice uses test results obtained from Test Methods C393/C393M or D7249/D7249M, or both.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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ASTM D7249/D7249M-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Facesheet Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Long Beam Flexure

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5.1 Flexure tests on flat sandwich construction may be conducted to determine the sandwich flexural stiffness, the core shear strength, and shear modulus, or the facesheets’ compressive and tensile strengths. Tests to evaluate core shear strength may also be used to evaluate core-to-facesheet bonds.  
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5.3 Core shear strength and shear modulus are best determined in accordance with Test Method C273/C273M provided bare core material is available. Test Method C393/C393M may also be used to determine core shear strength. Practice D7250/D7250M may be used to calculate the flexural and shear stiffness of sandwich beams.  
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1.1 This test method covers determination of facesheet properties of flat sandwich constructions subjected to flexure in such a manner that the applied moments produce curvature of the sandwich facesheet planes and result in compressive and tensile forces in the facesheets. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).  
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This practice details the standard procedures for establishing the allowable properties for structural glued laminated timber (glulam). Allowable properties include: stress indexes; stress modification factors associated with slop of grain; stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain; horizontal shear; compression perpendicular to the grain; radial tension and compression stresses in curved members; grade adjustment factors; modulus of elasticity; and modulus of rigidity. This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the species considered. It does not cover the requirements for production, inspection and certification, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of creep properties of structural adhesives in wood-to-wood bonds when a standardized specimen is subjected to shearing stresses at various levels of static load, constant temperature, and relative humidity. Apparatus and procedures are provided for shear deformation (creep) of adhesive bonds under static load. This test method is used under the indicated conditions to evaluate resistance to creep properties of a structural wood adhesive.  
1.2 The test method is used to evaluate creep performance of adhesives suitable for the bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural wood products for general construction, marine use, or for other uses where a high-strength general construction, creep-resistant, durable adhesive bond is required. Individual block shear specimens are prepared from adhesively bonded laminations, subjected to a constant load under various combinations of temperature and relative humidity, and the amount of creep measured.  
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ASTM E661-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Performance of Wood and Wood-Based Floor and Roof Sheathing Under Concentrated Static and Impact Loads

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5.1 The procedures outlined will provide data that can be used to evaluate the structural performance, under concentrated loads, of roof and floor sheathing, separate from the effects of the framing, under simulated conditions representative of those in actual service.  
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1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the resistance to deflection and damage of floor and roof sheathing used in site-built construction subjected to concentrated static loads as well as impact loads from nonrigid blunt objects. It is applicable to wood and wood-based panels and boards, but is not intended to cover profiled metal decks, nor precast or cast-in-place slabs. Surface indentation is not evaluated separately from deflection.  
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Note 1: Where it is anticipated that sheathing will be subjected only to dry conditions during construction and use, or else to greater moisture exposure than is indicated in 7.3.2, the corresponding exposure conditions may be modified by agreement between the interested parties. For example, shop-built construction may be tested dry only, although the possibility of exposure to high humidity or leaks and flooding during use should be considered.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D1666-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base Panel Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of different wood-based panel materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different products with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, routing/shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are common wood-working operations used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to two general classes of materials:  
1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and  
1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.  
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1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.  
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ASTM D2395-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density and specific gravity are cornerstone terms that help define many useful properties of wood and wood-based materials. These terms designate concepts that have distinct definitions though they relate to the same characteristic (mass in a unit volume). Generally, in the US and Canada, density of wood is measured in terms of specific gravity, or relative density. In the wood-based composites industry and internationally the term density is often preferred.  
5.2 The basic density and basic specific gravity of wood are used in the forestry industry for calculating the oven-dry weight of wood fiber contained in a known wood volume of various wood species. Thus, it serves as an indicator of the amount of wood pulp that could be produced, the workability of the material or its shipping weight. This information is referenced in various resources, including Wood Handbook.5 Note that specific gravity varies within a tree, between trees, and between species. Since the specific gravity of wood cell wall substance is practically constant for all species (approximately 1.53), it is apparent that individual specific gravity value is indicative of the amount of wood cell wall substance present. It affords a rapid and valuable test method for selection of wood for specific uses. In US and Canadian building codes, the oven-dry specific gravity is correlated to various strength characteristics of wood products (for example, compression perpendicular to grain, shear strength and fastener holding capacity).  
5.3 It is often desirable to know the density or specific gravity of a living tree, a structural member already in place, a log cross section, a segment of a research element, or the earlywood or latewood layer. Therefore, it is possible that specimens will be large or small, regular or irregular in shape, and at a variety of moisture contents. These test methods give procedures that include all of these variables and provides for calculation of density and specific gr...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the density and specific gravity (relative density) of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The test method title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of use.    
Section  
Test Method A—Volume by Measurement  
8  
Test Method B—Volume by Water Immersion  
9  
Test Method C—Flotation Tube  
10  
Test Method D—Forstner Bit  
11  
Test Method E—Increment Core  
12  
Test Method F—Chips  
13  
Test Method G—Full-Size Members  
14  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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