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ASTM E3159-18

(Guide)

Standard Guide for General Reliability

Standard Guide for General Reliability

ABSTRACT
This guide covers fundamental concepts, applications, and mathematical relationships associated with reliability as used in industrial areas and as applied to simple components, processes, and systems or complex final products. This guide summarizes selected concepts, terminology, formulas, and methods associated with reliability and its application to products and processes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The theory of reliability is used for estimating and demonstrating the probability of survival at specific times or for specific usage cycles for simple components, devices, assemblies, processes, and systems. As reliability is one key dimension of quality, it may be more generally used as a measure of quality over time or over a usage or demand sequence.  
4.1.1 Many industries require performance metrics and requirements that are reliability-centered. Reliability assessments may be needed for the determination of maintenance requirements, for spare parts allocation, for life cycle cost analysis and for warranty purposes. This guide summarizes selected concepts, terminology, formulas, and methods associated with reliability and its application to products and processes. Many mathematical relationships and methods are found in the annexes. For general statistical terms not found in Section 3, Terminology E456 and ISO 3534-1 can be used for definitional purposes and ISO Guide 73 for general terminology regarding risk analysis.  
4.2 The term “system” implies a configuration of interacting components, sub-assemblies, materials, and possibly processes all acting together to make the system work as a whole. Parts of the system may be linked in combinations of series and parallel configuration and redundancy used in some parts to improve reliability. Additional conditions of complex engineering may have to be considered.  
4.3 Process reliability concerns the assessment of any type of well-defined process. This can include manufacturing processes, business processes, and dispatch/demand type processes. Assessment typically measures the extent to which the process can continually perform its intended function without “upset” as well as process robustness.  
4.4 A number of reliability metrics are in use. For example, mean time to failure (MTTF) is a common measure of average life or average time to the first time a unit fails. For this reason it is said to apply t...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers fundamental concepts, applications, and mathematical relationships associated with reliability as used in industrial areas and as applied to simple components, processes, and systems or complex final products.  
1.2 The system of units for this guide is not specified. Quantities in the guide are presented only as illustrations of the method or of a calculation. Any examples used are not binding on any particular product or industry.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2018
ICS
21.020 - Characteristics and design of machines, apparatus, equipment
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.40 - Reliability
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E3159-18 - Standard Guide for General Reliability
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E3159 − 18 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
General Reliability
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3159; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3534-1 Statistics–Vocabulary and Symbols, Part 1:
1.1 This guide covers fundamental concepts, applications,
Probability and General Statistical Terms
and mathematical relationships associated with reliability as
ISO Guide 73 Risk Management Vocabulary
used in industrial areas and as applied to simple components,
processes, and systems or complex final products.
3. Terminology
1.2 The system of units for this guide is not specified.
3.1 Definitions:
Quantities in the guide are presented only as illustrations of the
3.1.1 Unless otherwise noted, terms relating to quality and
method or of a calculation.Any examples used are not binding
statistics are as defined in Terminology E456. Other general
on any particular product or industry.
statistical terms and terms related to risk are defined in ISO
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3534-1 and ISO Guide 73.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.2 B life, n—for continuous variables, the life at which
p
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
there is a probability (expressed as a percentage) of failure at
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- or less than this value.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Example:The B life is a value of life,
10
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- t,suchthatcumulativedistributionfunction,F(t)=0.1or10%.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.3 hazard rate, n—differential fraction of items failing at
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
time t among those surviving up to time t, symbolized by h(t).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E2555
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.3.1 Discussion—h(t) is also referred to as the instanta-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
neous failure rate at time t and called a hazard function. It is
related to the probability density (pdf) and cumulative distri-
2. Referenced Documents
bution function (cdf)by h(t) = f(t)/(l – F(t)), where f(t) is the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
pdf and F(t) the cdf.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3.1.4 mean time between failures (MTBF), n—the average
E2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound For
time to failure for a repairable item.
aFractionorNumberofNon-Conformingitems,oraRate
3.1.4.1 Discussion—A repairable system is one that can be
of Occurrence for Non-conformities, Using Attribute
repaired and returned to service following a failure. When an
Data, When There is a Zero Response in the Sample
itemisrepaired,itmaynotnecessarilybereturnedtoservicein
E2555 Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the
as good as new condition. There may be a reduction in life in
MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection
a repaired item making the item not as robust as a new item.
E2696 Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on the
Any failure-repair sequence may continue for several cycles,
Exponential Distribution
further reducing longevity of service following each repair
time.Oftenthemoretimestheitemisrepaired,thesmallerwill
be the expected remaining life until the next repair. However,
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and
some repairable systems (for example, electronic) may just
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.40 on Reliability.
have some components replaced from time to time rendering
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published May 2018. DOI: 10.1520/
E3159-18.
the unit as good as new.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3159 − 18
3.1.5 mean time to failure (MTTF), n—in life testing, the life or average time to the first time a unit fails. For this reason
a
...

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This guide covers fundamental concepts, applications, and mathematical relationships associated with reliability as used in industrial areas and as applied to simple components, processes, and systems or complex final products. This guide summarizes selected concepts, terminology, formulas, and methods associated with reliability and its application to products and processes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The theory of reliability is used for estimating and demonstrating the probability of survival at specific times or for specific usage cycles for simple components, devices, assemblies, processes, and systems. As reliability is one key dimension of quality, it may be more generally used as a measure of quality over time or over a usage or demand sequence.  
4.1.1 Many industries require performance metrics and requirements that are reliability-centered. Reliability assessments may be needed for the determination of maintenance requirements, for spare parts allocation, for life cycle cost analysis and for warranty purposes. This guide summarizes selected concepts, terminology, formulas, and methods associated with reliability and its application to products and processes. Many mathematical relationships and methods are found in the annexes. For general statistical terms not found in Section 3, Terminology E456 and ISO 3534-1 can be used for definitional purposes and ISO Guide 73 for general terminology regarding risk analysis.  
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4.1 Reliability demonstration testing is a methodology for qualifying or validating a product’s performance capability. Demonstration methods are useful for components, devices, assemblies, materials, processes, and systems. Many industries require demonstration testing either for new product development and product introduction, in validating a change to an existing product or as part of an audit. Test plans generally try to answer the questions, “How long will a product last?” or “What is its reliability?”, under stated conditions at some specific time. When time is being used as a life variable, it must be cast in some kind of “time” units. Typical time units are hours (or minutes), cycles of usage, calendar time or some variation of these. In certain cases, “time” can be accelerated in order to reduce a plan’s completion time. In the automotive industry mileage may be used as the time variable. Certain means of accelerating tests involve the use of increased power, voltage, mechanical load, humidity, vibration, or temperature (often in the form of thermal cycling).  
4.2 Two fundamental objectives in reliability test planning are: (a) demonstrating that a product meets a specific life requirement, and (b) demonstrating what a product can do – its life capability. In the first case, a requirement is specified; in the second case a series of test results are used to state a result at the present time – its current capability. Both cases share similar inputs and outputs.  
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ABSTRACT
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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ABSTRACT
This guide covers fundamental concepts, applications, and mathematical relationships associated with reliability as used in industrial areas and as applied to simple components, processes, and systems or complex final products. This guide summarizes selected concepts, terminology, formulas, and methods associated with reliability and its application to products and processes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The theory of reliability is used for estimating and demonstrating the probability of survival at specific times or for specific usage cycles for simple components, devices, assemblies, processes, and systems. As reliability is one key dimension of quality, it may be more generally used as a measure of quality over time or over a usage or demand sequence.  
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4.3 Process reliability concerns the assessment of any type of well-defined process. This can include manufacturing processes, business processes, and dispatch/demand type processes. Assessment typically measures the extent to which the process can continually perform its intended function without “upset” as well as process robustness.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ABSTRACT
This practice presents standard sampling procedures and tables for life and reliability testing in procurement, supply, and maintenance quality control operations as well as in research and development activities. This practice describes general procedures and definitions of terms used in life test sampling and describes specific procedures and applications of the life test sampling plans for determining conformance to established reliability requirements.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice was prepared to meet a growing need for the use of standard sampling procedures and tables for life and reliability testing in government procurement, supply, and maintenance quality control (QC) operations as well as in research and development activities where applicable.  
4.2 A characteristic feature of most life tests is that the observations are ordered in time to failure. If, for example, 20 radio tubes are placed on life test, and ti denotes the time when the ith tube fails, the data occur in such a way that t1 ≤ t2 ≤ ... ≤ tn. The same kind of ordered observations will occur whether the problem under consideration deals with the life of electric bulbs, the life of electronic components, the life of ball bearings, or the length of life of human beings after they are treated for a disease. The examples just given all involve ordering in time.  
4.3 In destructive testing involving such situations as the current needed to blow a fuse, the voltage needed to break down a condenser, or the force needed to rupture a physical material, the test can often be arranged in such a way that every item in the sample is subjected to precisely the same stimulus (current, voltage, or stress). If this is done, then clearly the weakest item will be observed to fail first, the second weakest next, and so forth. While the random variable considered mostly in this guide is time to failure, it should be emphasized, however, that the methodology provided herein can be adapted to the testing situations mentioned above when the random variable is current, voltage, stress, and so forth.  
4.4 Sections 6 and 7 describe general procedures and definitions of terms used in life test sampling. Sections 8, 9, and 10 describe specific procedures and applications of the life test sampling plans for determining conformance to established reliability requirements.  
4.5 Whenever the methodology or choice of procedures in the practice requires clarification, the user is adv...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents standard sampling procedures and tables for life and reliability testing in procurement, supply, and maintenance quality control operations as well as in research and development activities.  
1.2 This practice describes general procedures and definitions of terms used in life test sampling and describes specific procedures and applications of the life test sampling plans for determining conformance to established reliability requirements.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference to the plastics community for material properties needed in engineering design.  
4.2 Product datasheets or product literature typically report single-point values at ambient conditions and hence, by their very nature, are inadequate for engineering design and structural analysis of a component or system. A detailed property profile for the particular grade chosen for a given part not only enhances the confidence of the design engineer by allowing a more realistic assessment of the material under close-to-actual service environments but also may avoid premature failure of the designed component and potential liability litigation later. Additionally, it would also eliminate use of larger “design safety factors” that result in “overengineering” or “overdesign.” Not only is such overdesign unwarranted, but it adds to the total part cost, resulting in a good example of ineffective design with plastics and a prime target for substitution by other materials.  
4.3 One of the problems faced by design engineers is access to comparable data among similar products from different material suppliers because of the lack of standardized reporting format in the plastics industry. ISO 10350.1, ISO 11403-1, and ISO 11403-2 are intended to address the comparability of data issue only as far as single-point and multipoint data for material selection. This guide attempts to serve as a means to standardize the format to report comparable data for engineering design. It is essential that incorporating standardized test specimen geometry and specific test conditions as recommended in Guide D1999, Practice D3641, or ISO 3167 and ISO 294-1 are an integral part of the data generation.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the essential material properties needed for designing with plastics. Its purpose is to raise the awareness of the plastics community regarding the specific considerations involved in using the appropriate material properties in design calculations.  
1.2 This guide is intended only as a convenient resource for engineering design. It should be noted that the specific operating conditions (temperature, applied stress or strain, environment, etc. and corresponding duration of such exposures) could vary significantly from one application to another. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the user to perform any pertinent tests under actual conditions of use to determine the suitability of the material in the intended application.  
1.3 The applicable ISO and ASTM standard methods for the relevant material properties are listed in this guide for the benefit of design engineers.  
1.4 It should be noted that for some of the desired properties, no ASTM or ISO standards exist. These include pvT data, no-flow temperature, ejection temperature, and fatigue in tension. In these instances, relying on available test methods is suggested.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
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ASTM
ASTM B637-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and Cold Worked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for Moderate or High Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for moderate or high temperature service (Table 1).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
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  • Technical specification
    7 pages
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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
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  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off