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ASTM E3291-21

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Reliability Demonstration Testing

Standard Guide for Reliability Demonstration Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Reliability demonstration testing is a methodology for qualifying or validating a product’s performance capability. Demonstration methods are useful for components, devices, assemblies, materials, processes, and systems. Many industries require demonstration testing either for new product development and product introduction, in validating a change to an existing product or as part of an audit. Test plans generally try to answer the questions, “How long will a product last?” or “What is its reliability?”, under stated conditions at some specific time. When time is being used as a life variable, it must be cast in some kind of “time” units. Typical time units are hours (or minutes), cycles of usage, calendar time or some variation of these. In certain cases, “time” can be accelerated in order to reduce a plan’s completion time. In the automotive industry mileage may be used as the time variable. Certain means of accelerating tests involve the use of increased power, voltage, mechanical load, humidity, vibration, or temperature (often in the form of thermal cycling).  
4.2 Two fundamental objectives in reliability test planning are: (a) demonstrating that a product meets a specific life requirement, and (b) demonstrating what a product can do – its life capability. In the first case, a requirement is specified; in the second case a series of test results are used to state a result at the present time – its current capability. Both cases share similar inputs and outputs.  
4.3 Often a life distribution model is specified such as the Weibull, the exponential, the lognormal or the normal distribution. In addition, for the specific distribution assumed, a parameter is typically assumed (or a range of values for a parameter). For example, in the Weibull case, the shape parameter, β, is assumed; in the lognormal case the scale parameter, σ, is assumed and in the normal case the standard deviation, σ, is assumed. In other cases, a non-parametric analysis can be used. N...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers fundamental concepts, applications and mathematical relationships associated with the planning of reliability demonstration tests as applied to components and materials testing.  
1.2 The system of units for this guide is not specified. Quantities and examples are presented only as illustrations of a method or a calculation. Any examples used are not binding on any particular product or industry.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2021
ICS
21.020 - Characteristics and design of machines, apparatus, equipment
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.40 - Reliability
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E3291-21 - Standard Guide for Reliability Demonstration TestingASTM E3291-21 - Standard Guide for Reliability Demonstration Testing
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ASTM E3291-21 - Standard Guide for Reliability Demonstration Testing
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3291 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Reliability Demonstration Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 Thisstandardcoversfundamentalconcepts,applications 3.1 Definitions:
and mathematical relationships associated with the planning of
3.1.1 Unless otherwise noted, terms relating to quality and
reliability demonstration tests as applied to components and
statistics are as defined in Terminology E456. Other general
materials testing.
statistical terms and terms related to risk are defined in ISO
3534-1 and ISO Guide 73.
1.2 The system of units for this guide is not specified.
3.1.2 B life, n—for continuous variables, the life at which
Quantities and examples are presented only as illustrations of p
there is a probability, p, (expressed as a percentage) of failure
a method or a calculation.Any examples used are not binding
at or less than this value. E3159
on any particular product or industry.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.3 failuremode,n—thewayinwhichadevice,processor
system has failed. E3159
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4 hazard rate, n—differential fraction of items failing at
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
time t among those surviving up to time t, symbolized by h(t).
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E2555
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.5 mean time between failures (MTBF), n—the average
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
time to failure for a repairable item. E3159
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.1.6 mean time to failure (MTTF), θ, n—in life testing, the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical average length of life of items in a lot. E2696
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.7 reliability, n—the probability that a component,
device, product, process or system will function or fulfill a
2. Referenced Documents
function after a specified duration of time or usage under
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specified conditions. E3159
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3.2 Symbols:
E2555Practice for Factors and Procedures forApplying the
3.2.1 The following symbols are used extensively in the
MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection
discussion.
E2696Practice for Life and ReliabilityTesting Based on the
3.2.2 C—confidence coefficient (decimal value between 0
Exponential Distribution
and 1).
E3159Guide for General Reliability
3
3.2.3 n—sample size, (positive integer at least 1).
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3534-1Statistics – Vocabulary and symbols, Part 1:
3.2.4 p—failure probability (decimal between 0 and 1, or
Probability and general statistical terms
percentage between 0 and 100).
ISO Guide 73Risk management vocabulary
3.2.5 R—reliability. R=1– por(100– p)%for pexpressed
as a percentage.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and 3.2.6 r—number of failures allowed (0 ≤ r < n).
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.40 on Reliability.
3.2.7 β—Weibull shape parameter, also referred to as the
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published January 2022. DOI: 10.1520/
E3291-21. “Weibull slope.”
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.8 θ—fortheexponentialmodel,themean(MTTF)ofthe
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on distribution.
the ASTM website.
3
3.2.9 η—for the Weibull model, the characteristic life or
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. scale parameter.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3291 − 21
3.2.10 λ—for the exponential model, the failure rate; also time, t, and a maximum number of failures, r, allowed by the
equal to 1 / θ. plan. A test concludes and is successful if the n units tested
resultinnotmorethan rfailuresb
...

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This guide covers fundamental concepts, applications, and mathematical relationships associated with reliability as used in industrial areas and as applied to simple components, processes, and systems or complex final products. This guide summarizes selected concepts, terminology, formulas, and methods associated with reliability and its application to products and processes.
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4.1 The theory of reliability is used for estimating and demonstrating the probability of survival at specific times or for specific usage cycles for simple components, devices, assemblies, processes, and systems. As reliability is one key dimension of quality, it may be more generally used as a measure of quality over time or over a usage or demand sequence.  
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4.2 The term “system” implies a configuration of interacting components, sub-assemblies, materials, and possibly processes all acting together to make the system work as a whole. Parts of the system may be linked in combinations of series and parallel configuration and redundancy used in some parts to improve reliability. Additional conditions of complex engineering may have to be considered.  
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ABSTRACT
This practice presents standard sampling procedures and tables for life and reliability testing in procurement, supply, and maintenance quality control operations as well as in research and development activities. This practice describes general procedures and definitions of terms used in life test sampling and describes specific procedures and applications of the life test sampling plans for determining conformance to established reliability requirements.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice was prepared to meet a growing need for the use of standard sampling procedures and tables for life and reliability testing in government procurement, supply, and maintenance quality control (QC) operations as well as in research and development activities where applicable.  
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4.3 In destructive testing involving such situations as the current needed to blow a fuse, the voltage needed to break down a condenser, or the force needed to rupture a physical material, the test can often be arranged in such a way that every item in the sample is subjected to precisely the same stimulus (current, voltage, or stress). If this is done, then clearly the weakest item will be observed to fail first, the second weakest next, and so forth. While the random variable considered mostly in this guide is time to failure, it should be emphasized, however, that the methodology provided herein can be adapted to the testing situations mentioned above when the random variable is current, voltage, stress, and so forth.  
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ASTM E2672-16(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Identification and Categorization of Tooling

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The categorization and identification of tooling has a wide range of advantages to assist in maintaining an uninterrupted, productive, and cohesive business practice. These include, but are not limited to, identifying operation critical items, increasing tool utilization, and helping to allocate resources and manage production.  
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1.1 This practice describes the differentiation, identification, and categorization criteria for tooling, both unique and more general in nature. The physical markings should allow for one or more of the following to be ascertained: part number, serial number, ownership, revision, or symbology, or combination thereof.  
1.2 Definitions for the unique subcategories that make up the tooling family will be described. These subcategories help to differentiate tooling categories for use in identification, control, and record keeping.  
1.3 This practice is intended to be applicable and appropriate for all entities that hold tooling regardless of ownership or acquisition methodology. This practice further provides the detailed information to provide the flexibility of common nomenclature, identification, and tracking of unique tooling.  
1.4 Items not covered but defined by this practice include, but are not limited to: consumable property, special test equipment (STE), plant equipment, general or special machinery equipment, and expendable tools.  
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ABSTRACT
This guide covers fundamental concepts, applications, and mathematical relationships associated with reliability as used in industrial areas and as applied to simple components, processes, and systems or complex final products. This guide summarizes selected concepts, terminology, formulas, and methods associated with reliability and its application to products and processes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on the Exponential Distribution

ABSTRACT
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.3 In destructive testing involving such situations as the current needed to blow a fuse, the voltage needed to break down a condenser, or the force needed to rupture a physical material, the test can often be arranged in such a way that every item in the sample is subjected to precisely the same stimulus (current, voltage, or stress). If this is done, then clearly the weakest item will be observed to fail first, the second weakest next, and so forth. While the random variable considered mostly in this guide is time to failure, it should be emphasized, however, that the methodology provided herein can be adapted to the testing situations mentioned above when the random variable is current, voltage, stress, and so forth.  
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Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The primary use of these test methods is testing to determine the specified mechanical properties of steel, stainless steel, and related alloy products for the evaluation of conformance of such products to a material specification under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 and its subcommittees as designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract.  
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4.1.2 The material condition at the time of testing, sampling frequency, specimen location and orientation, reporting requirements, and other test parameters are contained in the pertinent material specification or in a general requirement specification for the particular product form.  
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1.1 These test methods2 cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures, the product specification testing requirements shall control.  
1.2 The following mechanical tests are described:    
Sections  
Tension  
7 to 14  
Bend  
15  
Hardness  
16  
Brinell  
17  
Rockwell  
18  
Portable  
19  
Impact  
20 to 30  
Keywords  
32  
1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products are appended to these test methods as follows:    
Annex  
Bar Products  
Annex A1  
Tubular Products  
Annex A2  
Fasteners  
Annex A3  
Round Wire Products  
Annex A4  
Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing  
Annex A5  
Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to
Equivalents for Flat Specimens  
Annex A6    
Testing Multi-Wire Strand  
Annex A7  
Rounding of Test Data  
Annex A8  
Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars  
Annex A9  
Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation  
Annex A10  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 When these test methods are referenced in a metric product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 in. or 8 in. may be report...

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ASTM F3565-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Pressure Pipe Service

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Using the procedures and apparatus in Sections 8 and 9 and the manufacturer's instructions, pressure-tight joints as strong as the pipe itself can be made between manufacturer-recommended combinations of pipe and fittings. See Specification F1055 for performance requirements of polyethylene electrofusion fittings.
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1.1 This practice describes procedures for making joints suitable for pressure service with polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings by means of electrofusion joining techniques in, but not limited to, a field environment. Other suitable electrofusion joining procedures are available from various sources including fitting manufacturers. This standard does not purport to address all possible electrofusion joining procedures, or to preclude the use of qualified procedures developed by other parties that have been proven to produce reliable electrofusion joints. (Note 1)
Note 1: Reference to the manufacturer in this practice refers to the electrofusion fitting manufacturer.  
1.2 The parameters and procedure are applicable only to joining polyethylene pipe and fittings (Note 2) which are intended for PE fuel gas pipe per Specification D2513 and PE potable water, sewer and industrial pipe manufactured per Specification F714, Specification D3035, Specification F2619, and AWWA C901 and C906.
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1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyethylene pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.  
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1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendices which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.  
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ASTM D5141-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment Retention Device

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, a silt barrier, or a silt curtain, for specific soil tested.  
5.2 This test method may be used for the design of the filtration component of a sediment retention device to meet requirements of regulatory agencies in filtering efficiency or flow rate for the specific soil tested.  
5.2.1 The designer can use this test method to determine the spacing between sediment retention devices.  
5.3 This test method is intended for performance evaluation, as the results will depend on the specific soil evaluated. Unless testing with the default soil is desired, it is recommended that the user or representative perform the test to pre-approve products, as sediment retention device manufacturers are not typically equipped to handle or test soil requirements.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating the filtration component of sediment retention devices with different soils under various conditions that simulate the conditions that exist in a sediment retention device installation. This test method may be used to simulate several storm events on the same sediment retention device specimen. Therefore, the number of times this test is repeated per specimen is dependent upon the user and the site conditions.
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1.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and the flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, silt barrier, or inlet protector.  
1.1.1 The results are shown as a percentage for filtering efficiency and cubic metres per square metre per minute (m3/m2/min) or gallons per square foot per minute (gal/ft2/min) for flow rate.  
1.1.2 The filtering efficiency indicates the percent of sediment removed from sediment-laden water.  
1.1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of the sediment-laden water through the filtration component of a sediment retention device.  
1.2 This test method requires several specialized pieces of equipment, such as an integrated water sampler and an analytical balance, or a vacuum filtration system. At the client’s discretion, the test soil is either a site-specific soil or a soil that is representative of a target default gradation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard, while the inch-pound units are provided for information. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
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  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM F2647-07(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Approved Methods of Installing a CVS (Central Vacuum System)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The suggestions of this guide are intended to provide proper installation materials and practices to be used during the installation of a central-vacuum system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide demonstrates proper methods for installing a central-vacuum system.  
1.2 Appendix X1 contains additional sources of information that may be helpful to the user of this guide.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    7 pages
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ASTM
ASTM F2886-17(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Metal Injection Molded Cobalt-28Chromium-6Molybdenum Components for Surgical Implant Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical general requirements for metal injection molded (MIM) cobalt-28chromium-6molybddenum components to be used in manufacturing surgical implants. In this specification, the MIM components covered may have been densified beyond their as-sintered density by post-sinter processing. For the chemical requirements, the components supplied in this specification must conform in accordance to the chemical requirements specified herein in Table 1. The product analysis tolerances must also conform to the product tolerances presented in Table 2. The specification also enumerates the mechanical requirements for MIM components wherein the tensile properties of the MIM must conform to the mechanical properties in Table 3. The microstructural requirements and specimen preparation shall be in accordance with Guide E3 and Practice E407.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical requirements for metal injection molded (MIM) cobalt-28chromium-6molybdenum components to be used in the manufacture of surgical implants  
1.2 The MIM components covered by this specification may have been densified beyond their as-sintered density by post-sinter processing.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
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