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ASTM E2263-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Paired Preference Test

Standard Test Method for Paired Preference Test

SCOPE
1.1 This document covers a procedure for determining preference between two products using a two-alternative forced-choice, which may or may not include the option of choosing no preference.
1.2 A paired preference test determines whether there is a statistically significant preference between two products for a given population of respondents. The target population must be carefully considered.
1.3 This method establishes preference in a single evaluation context. Replicated tests will not be covered within the scope of this document.
1.4 Paired preference testing can address overall preference or preference for a specified sensory attribute.
1.5 The method does not directly determine the magnitude of preference.
1.6 This method does not address whether or not two samples are perceived as different. See Test Method E 2164.
1.7 A paired preference test is a simple task for respondents, and can be used with populations that have minimal reading or comprehension skills, or both.
1.8 Preference is not an intrinsic attribute of the product, such as hue is, but is a subjective measure relating to respondents' affective or hedonic response. It differs from paired comparison testing which measures objective characteristics of the product. Preference results are always dependent on the population sampled.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
29-Feb-2004
ICS
03.100.10 - Purchasing. Procurement. Logistics
Technical Committee
E18 - Sensory Evaluation
Drafting Committee
E18.04 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2263-12 - Standard Test Method for Paired Preference Test
Effective Date
15-Oct-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2943-15(2021) - Standard Guide for Two-Sample Acceptance and Preference Testing With Consumers
Effective Date
01-Mar-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1593-21 - Standard Guide for Assessing the Efficacy of Consumer Products in Reducing the Perception of Malodor
Effective Date
01-Mar-2004

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ASTM E2263-04 - Standard Test Method for Paired Preference TestASTM E2263-04 - Standard Test Method for Paired Preference Test
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ASTM E2263-04 - Standard Test Method for Paired Preference Test
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2263 − 04
StandardTest Method for
1
Paired Preference Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2263; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This document covers a procedure for determining
E253 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Mate-
preference between two products using a two-alternative
rials and Products
forced-choice, which may or may not include the option of
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
choosing no preference.
E1858 Test Method for Determining Oxidation Induction
1.2 A paired preference test determines whether there is a
Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calorim-
statistically significant preference between two products for a etry
givenpopulationofrespondents.Thetargetpopulationmustbe E1871 Guide for Serving Protocol for Sensory Evaluation of
Foods and Beverages
carefully considered.
E2164 Test Method for Directional Difference Test
1.3 This method establishes preference in a single evalua-
2.2 ASTM Publication:
tion context. Replicated tests will not be covered within the
2
Manual 26 Sensory Testing Methods, 2nd Edition
scope of this document.
2.3 ISO Standard:
1.4 Paired preference testing can address overall preference
ISO 5495 Sensory Analysis—Methodology—Paired Com-
3
or preference for a specified sensory attribute.
parison
1.5 The method does not directly determine the magnitude
3. Terminology
of preference.
3.1 For definition of terms relating to sensory analysis, see
1.6 This method does not address whether or not two
Terminology E253, and for terms relating to statistics, see
samples are perceived as different. See Test Method E2164.
Terminology E456.
1.7 Apairedpreferencetestisasimpletaskforrespondents,
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
and can be used with populations that have minimal reading or
3.2.1 α (alpha) risk—the probability of concluding that a
comprehension skills, or both. preference exists when, in reality, one does not. (Also known
as Type I Error or significance level.)
1.8 Preference is not an intrinsic attribute of the product,
3.2.2 β (beta) risk—the probability of concluding that no
such as hue is, but is a subjective measure relating to
preference exists when, in reality, one does. (Also known as
respondents’ affective or hedonic response. It differs from
Type II Error.)
paired comparison testing which measures objective character-
3.2.3 common responses—for a one-sided test, the number
istics of the product. Preference results are always dependent
of respondents selecting the product that is expected to be
on the population sampled.
preferred. For a two-sided test, the largest number of respon-
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
dents selecting either product.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.4 one-sided test—a test in which the researcher has an a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priori interest concerning the direction of the preference. In
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
this case, the alternative hypothesis will express that a specific
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E18 on Sensory contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
Evaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.04 on Fundamen- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tals of Sensory. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved March 1, 2004. Published March 2004. DOI: 10.1520/ Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
E2263-04. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2263 − 04
product is preferred over another product (that is, A > B or A 4.5 Testingisgenerallyconductedforonepairofsamplesto
< B), depending on the a priori belief. avoid bias from one set of samples to another.
3.2.5 two-sided test—a test in which the researcher does not
5. Significance and Use
have any a priori interests concerning direction of the prefer-
5.1 The paired preference test determines whether or not
ence. In this case, the alternative hypothesis is that the two
there is a preference for one product over another product
product
...

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Standard Test Method for Paired Preference Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The paired preference test determines whether or not there is a preference for one product over another product among a specific target population. Knowledge of consumer segments, brand loyalties, the range of product offerings in the marketplace, and the decision risk must be understood when planning a paired preference test.  
5.2 The paired preference method is commonly used in tests with one or more of the following objectives: (1) to establish superiority in preference versus the competition for advertising claims support; (2) to establish the preference of a new product for launch versus a competitor's product; (3) to establish the preference of a reformulated product in a product improvement or product modification project (for example, process change or ingredient change); and (4) to establish the preference of a cost improved product versus the current formulation in a cost savings project. Selected values of Pmax, α, and β will change with all four types of test objectives. These should be selected prior to determination of N.  
5.2.1 Preference versus Competition or Launching a New Product versus Competition—Select a Pmax  to represent what you expect a reasonable preference split to be. The main risk to avoid is to wrongly claim your product is preferred over the competitors. Thus, low values of α are selected, for example, 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001. The desired outcome of this test is to reject the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is one sided: A new or improved product (A) is preferred over the competitor’s product (B). The test is one-sided. The value of β will be determined by the sample size chosen and the size of the preference in the consumer segment selected for the test. Selection of the appropriate number of respondents is determined by Pmax, α, and β, as well as the market segment that must be included in the test (for issues specific to conducting a paired preference test for an advertising claim, refer to Guide E1958).  
5.2.2 C...
SCOPE
1.1 This document covers a procedure for determining preference between two products using either a two-alternative forced-choice task, or with the option of choosing no preference. Preference testing is a type of hedonic testing.  
1.2 A paired preference test determines whether there is a statistically significant preference between two products for a given population of respondents. The target population must be carefully considered.  
1.3 This method establishes preference in a single evaluation context. Replicated tests will not be covered within the scope of this document.  
1.4 Paired preference testing can address overall preference or preference for a specified sensory attribute.  
1.5 The method does not directly determine the magnitude of preference.  
1.6 This method does not address whether or not two samples are perceived as different. Refer to Test Method E2164 for directional difference test.  
1.7 A paired preference test is a simple task for respondents, and can be used with populations that have minimal reading or comprehension skills, or both.  
1.8 Preference is not an intrinsic attribute of the product, such as hue is, but is a subjective measure relating to respondents' affective or hedonic response. It differs from paired comparison testing which measures objective characteristics of the product. Preference results are always dependent on the population sampled.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use, when testing includes hazardous materials, operations, or equipment. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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4.1 Regulations, standards, and market-defined requirements for chemical constituent (“substances of interest”) compliance and conformance have become increasing numerous and complex. Specific laws and standards may pertain to certain product and industry segments, for example, electrical/electronic instruments and components, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, consumer products, agrichemicals, and so forth. Others may be broader and relate specifically to assessment and management of specific chemical compounds or classes across multiple product sectors and sources, for example Ref (2). In addition, such requirements may be issued by national authorities, international standards setting groups, or, in the case of market-defined requirements, even by customer advocacy organizations or customers through supply contracts. The resulting global landscape of requirements and market access expectations is complex, and compliance/conformance presents numerous challenges for manufacturers.
Note 1: For example, IEC 62474:2012 provides some standardized definitions for reporting thresholds and declaration statements for electrotechnical industry. In another example, ISO 14021:2016 addresses self-declared environmental claims.  
4.2 Declarable substances may be found on various lists and forms, including those listed in Refs (2-10) and on supply agreements and questionnaires. This guide is not intended to be exhaustive nor cover all declarable substances. Nor does this guide address specific declaration and labeling requirements within these regulation and standards nor address product safety and compliance requirements as dictated by law for specific products, industries, or market regions.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide uses case studies to illustrate the decision process to assess materials and products for declarable substances when evaluating conformance to relevant requirements. This may be accomplished by applying existing knowledge to determine the need for further action (for example, testing).  
1.2 This guide assists in utilization and interpretation of various forms of information gathered to enable compliance or conformance or both to regulations, standards, supply agreements, or customer enquiries related to identified declarable substances, including the evidence required to issue declarations for the absence or presence of a declarable substance. Several examples are referenced. The target declarable substances will be specific to the product and product classification, the regulatory jurisdiction, customer/supplier requirements, and other relevant considerations. Consideration of which regulations and standards apply to a given product is beyond the scope of this guide.  
1.3 The framework covered in this guide attempts to harmonize language used in the absence of objective data or specific regulatory requirements or both. This guide draws on a variety of existing documentation, which will be cited and referenced, as well as basic scientific principles for communication of chemical hazard and risk, and may be used as an approach for assessing composition of products and their components as part of product risk assessment.  
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4.1 This practice establishes a standard equipment internal control methodology to safeguard or protect assets and aid in requirements determination and communication with the end goal of the promulgation of safe, secure, cost effective, and risk appropriate control and tracking methodologies.  
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SCOPE
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1.4 This practice can be applied to an individual item of equipment, to groupings of equipment, or to all or a subset of an entity's equipment.  
1.5 In accordance with the provisions of Practice E2279, this practice enhances internal controls, and clarifies and enables effective and efficient control and tracking of equipment.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The paired preference test determines whether or not there is a preference for one product over another product among a specific target population. Knowledge of consumer segments, brand loyalties, the range of product offerings in the marketplace, and the decision risk must be understood when planning a paired preference test.  
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5.2.2 C...
SCOPE
1.1 This document covers a procedure for determining preference between two products using either a two-alternative forced-choice task, or with the option of choosing no preference. Preference testing is a type of hedonic testing.  
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SCOPE
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
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SCOPE
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