ASTM E2192-08
(Guide)Standard Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics
Standard Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The practices referenced in this document are applicable to measuring the height of planar flaws open to the surface that originate on the far-surface or near-surface of the component. These practices are applicable to through-wall sizing of mechanical or thermal fatigue flaws, stress corrosion flaws, or any other surface-connected planar flaws.
The techniques outlined describe proven ultrasonic flaw sizing practices and their associated limitations, using refracted longitudinal wave and shear wave techniques as applied to ferritic or austenitic components. Other materials may be examined using this guide with appropriate standardization reference blocks. The practices described are applicable to both manual and automated examinations.
The techniques recommended in this standard guide use Time of Flight (TOF) or Delta Time of Flight (ΔTOF) methods to accurately measure the flaw size. This guide does not include the use of signal amplitude methods to determine flaw size.
Generally, with these sizing methods the volume of material (or component thickness) to be sized is divided into thirds; the inner 1/3, the middle 1/3 and the outer 1/3. Using the far-surface Creeping Wave Method the user can qualitatively segregate the flaw into the approximate 1/3 zone.
The sizing methods are used in 1/3 zones to quantitatively size the crack, that is, Tip-diffraction for the inner 1/3, Bi-Modal method for the middle 1/3, and the Focused Longitudinal Wave or Focused Shear Wave Methods for the outer 1/3. These 1/3 zones are generally applicable to most sizing applications, however, the various sizing methods have applications outside these 1/3 zones provided a proper reference block and technique is demonstrated.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides tutorial information and a description of the principles and ultrasonic examination techniques for measuring the height of planar flaws which are open to the surface. The practices and technology described in this standard guide are intended as a reference to be used when selecting a specific ultrasonic flaw sizing technique as well as establishing a means for instrument standardization.
1.2 This standard guide does not provide or suggest accuracy or tolerances of the techniques described. Parameters such as search units, examination surface conditions, material composition, etc. can all have a bearing on the accuracy of results. It is recommended that users assess accuracy and tolerances applicable for each application.
1.3 This document does not purport to provide instruction to measure flaw length.
1.4 This standard guide does not provide, suggest, or specify acceptance standards. After flaw-sizing evaluation has been made, the results should be applied to an appropriate code or standard that specifies acceptance criteria.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
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Designation: E2192 − 08
StandardGuide for
1
Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This guide provides tutorial information and a descrip- 3.1 Definitions—Related terminology is defined in Termi-
tionoftheprinciplesandultrasonicexaminationtechniquesfor nology E1316.
measuring the height of planar flaws which are open to the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
surface. The practices and technology described in this stan-
3.2.1 bi-modal—ultrasonic examination method that utilizes
dard guide are intended as a reference to be used when
both the longitudinal (L-wave) and shear (S-wave) modes of
selecting a specific ultrasonic flaw sizing technique as well as
propagation in order to estimate or measure flaw height.
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establishing a means for instrument standardization.
3.2.2 corner reflector—the reflected ultrasonic energy re-
1.2 This standard guide does not provide or suggest accu-
sulting from the interaction of ultrasound with the intersection
racyortolerancesofthetechniquesdescribed.Parameterssuch
of a flaw and the component surface at essentially 90 degrees.
as search units, examination surface conditions, material
3.2.3 doublet—two ultrasonic signals that appear on the
composition, etc. can all have a bearing on the accuracy of
screen simultaneously and move in unison as search unit is
results. It is recommended that users assess accuracy and
manipulated toward and away from the flaw. During tip-
tolerances applicable for each application.
diffraction flaw sizing, the flaw tip signal and flaw base signal
1.3 Thisdocumentdoesnotpurporttoprovideinstructionto
(corner reflector) will appear as a doublet.
measure flaw length.
3.2.4 far-surface—the surface of the examination piece
1.4 This standard guide does not provide, suggest, or
opposite the surface on which the search unit is placed. (For
specify acceptance standards. After flaw-sizing evaluation has
example, when examining pipe from the outside surface the
beenmade,theresultsshouldbeappliedtoanappropriatecode
far-surface would be the inside pipe surface).
or standard that specifies acceptance criteria.
3.2.5 focus—the term as used in this document applies to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
dualcrossed-beamsearchunitsthathavebeenmanufacturedso
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
that they have a maximum sensitivity at a predetermined depth
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
or sound path in the component. Focusing effect may be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
obtained with the use of dual-element search units having both
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
refracted and roof angles applied to each element.
3.2.6 near-surface—the surface of the examination piece on
2. Referenced Documents
whichthesearchunitisplaced.(Forexample,whenexamining
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
pipe from the outside surface the near-surface would be the
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
outside pipe surface).
3.2.7 sizing—measurement of the through-wall height or
depth dimension of a discontinuity or flaw.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
3.2.8 30-70-70—term that is applied to the technique (and
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic
Method.
sometimes the search unit) using an incident angle that
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved
produces a nominal 70° L wave in the examination piece.
in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E2192 - 07. DOI: 10.1520/
Provided that a parallel far-surface exists, the 30° shear wave,
E2192-08.
2
produced simultaneously at the refracting interface, reflects as
ThisStandardGuideisadaptedfrommaterialsuppliedtoASTMSubcommittee
E07.06 by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).
a 30° shear wave and generates a nominal 70° L wave as a
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
result of mode conversion off the far-surface. The 70° L wave
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
reflects off a planar flaw and is received by the search unit as
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. a 70° L wave.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2192–07 Designation: E 2192 – 08
Standard Guide for
1
Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides tutorial information and a description of the principles and ultrasonic examination techniques for
measuring the height of planar flaws which are open to the surface. The practices and technology described in this standard guide
are intended as a reference to be used when selecting a specific ultrasonic flaw sizing technique as well as establishing a means
2
for instrument standardization.
1.2 This standard guide does not provide or suggest accuracy or tolerances of the techniques described. Parameters such as
search units, examination surface conditions, material composition, etc. can all have a bearing on the accuracy of results. It is
recommended that users assess accuracy and tolerances applicable for each application.
1.3 This document does not purport to provide instruction to measure flaw length.
1.4 This standard guide does not provide, suggest, or specify acceptance standards.After flaw-sizing evaluation has been made,
the results should be applied to an appropriate code or standard that specifies acceptance criteria.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Related terminology is defined in Terminology E 1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 bi-modal—ultrasonic examination method that utilizes both the longitudinal (L-wave) and shear (S-wave) modes of
propagation in order to estimate or measure flaw height.
3.2.2 corner reflector—thereflectedultrasonicenergyresultingfromtheinteractionofultrasoundwiththeintersectionofaflaw
and the component surface at essentially 90 degrees.
3.2.3 doublet—twoultrasonicsignalsthatappearonthescreensimultaneouslyandmoveinunisonassearchunitismanipulated
toward and away from the flaw. During tip-diffraction flaw sizing, the flaw tip signal and flaw base signal (corner reflector) will
appear as a doublet.
3.2.4 far-surface—the surface of the examination piece opposite the surface on which the search unit is placed. (For example,
when examining pipe from the outside surface the far-surface would be the inside pipe surface).
3.2.5 focus—the term as used in this document applies to dual crossed-beam search units that have been manufactured so that
they have a maximum sensitivity at a predetermined depth or sound path in the component. Focusing effect may be obtained with
the use of dual-element search units having both refracted and roof angles applied to each element.
3.2.6 near-surface—the surface of the examination piece on which the search unit is placed. (For example, when examining
pipe from the outside surface the near-surface would be the outside pipe surface).
3.2.7 sizing—measurement of the through-wall height or depth dimension of a discontinuity or flaw.
3.2.8 30-70-70—term that is applied to the technique (and sometimes the search unit) using an incident angle that produces a
nominal 70° L wave in the examination piece. Provided that a parallel far-surface exists, the 30° shear wave, produced
simultaneously at the refracting interface, reflects as a 30° shear wave and generates a nominal 70° L wave as a result of mode
conversion off the far-surface. The 70° L wave reflects off a planar flaw and is received by the search unit as a 70° L wave.
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This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007.2008. Published July 2007.2008. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20022007 as E 2192 - 027.
2
This Standard Guide is adapted from material supplied to ASTM Subcommittee E07.06 by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact
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