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ASTM A34/A34M-06

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice defines test lots and describes the selection and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of magnetic properties of various materials.
A method of calculating the density of iron-base electrical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test practices for determination of various magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials.
1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or independent of, the standard test methods and materials specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly apply.
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2006
ICS
29.030 - Magnetic materials
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A34/A34M-01 - Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Replaced By
ASTM A34/A34M-06(2012) - Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2012
Referred By
ASTM A848-17 - Standard Specification for Low-Carbon Magnetic Iron
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A1086-20 - Standard Specification for Thin-Gauge Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A804/A804M-04(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Sheet-Type Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A904-20 - Standard Specification for 50 Nickel-50 Iron Powder Metallurgy Soft Magnetic Parts
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A772/A772M-00(2022) - Standard Test Method for AC Magnetic Permeability of Materials Using Sinusoidal Current
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM B925-15(2022) - Standard Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A343/A343M-14(2019) - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test Frame
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A927/A927M-18(2022) - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Toroidal Core Specimens Using the Voltmeter-Ammeter-Wattmeter Method
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A719/A719M-14(2019) - Standard Test Method for Lamination Factor of Magnetic Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A683-16 - Standard Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel, Semiprocessed Types
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A801-21 - Standard Specification for Wrought Iron-Cobalt High Magnetic Saturation Alloys (UNS R30005 and K92650)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A598/A598M-02(2022) - Standard Test Method for Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Amplifier Cores
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM A721/A721M-02(2021) - Standard Test Method for Ductility of Oriented Electrical Steel
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006

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ASTM A34/A34M-06 - Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic MaterialsASTM A34/A34M-06 - Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials
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ASTM A34/A34M-06 - Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A34/A34M − 06
StandardPractice for
1
Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A34/A34M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to magnetic testing,
reference shall be made to Terminology A340.
1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test prac-
tices for determination of various magnetic properties of both
4. Significance and Use
soft and hard magnetic materials.
4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selection
1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or
and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of
independent of, the standard test methods and materials speci-
magnetic properties of various materials.
fications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In
the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed 4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base elec-
trical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for
herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test
methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is pro-
vided.
sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly
apply.
5. Test Lots
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu
5.1 Wrought, Flat-Rolled, or Long Products:
and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as
5.1.1 Atest lot of wrought, flat-rolled, or long products shall
standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets
consist of not more than 50 000 lb [23 000 kg] of material.
except for the sections concerning calculations where there are
5.1.2 A test lot may be composed of coils or cut lengths. A
separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values
test lot of coil product may consist of one or more coils having
stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,
essentially the same treatment and composition.
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-
ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
5.2 Amorphous Strip and Wire:
with this standard.
5.2.1 A test lot shall consist of a continuously cast strip or
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the wire in one coil without breaks. In practice this may represent
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
quantities up to 2200 lb [1000 kg].
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.3 Powder Metallurgically Produced Parts:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.3.1 A test lot shall consist of parts of the same geometry
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and dimensions, made from powder of the same composition,
molded and sintered under the same conditions, which have
2. Referenced Documents
been submitted for inspection at one time.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.4 Cast Parts:
A340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to
5.4.1 A test lot shall consist of parts of the same geometry
Magnetic Testing
and dimensions, made from the same casting heat, which have
3. Terminology
been submitted for inspection at one time.
3.1 Definitions:
6. Sampling
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on Magnetic
6.1 Electrical Steel Coils:
Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.01 on Test
6.1.1 From test lots in coil form, consisting of only one
Methods.
master coil, prepare the test strips from test sheets cut from one
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originally
or both ends of the coil.
approved in 1911. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as A34/A34M – 01. DOI:
10.1520/A0034_A0034M-06.
6.1.2 When a test lot in coil form consists of several coils
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
sheared or slit from a master coil, the test strips shall be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
prepared from test sheets representing one or both ends of the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. master coil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A34/A34M − 06
6.1.3 When a test lot in coil form consists of several coils 7.1.1 Flat Strips:
having essentially the same treatment and composition, test
7.1.1.1 Except when otherwise
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The permeability determined by this method is the impedance permeability. Impedance permeability is the ratio of the peak value of flux density (Bmax) to the assumed peak magnetic field strength (Hz) without regard to phase. As compared to testing under sinusoidal flux (sinusoidal B) conditions, the permeabilities determined by this method are numerically lower since, for a given test signal frequency, the rate of flux change (dB/dt) is higher.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a means for determination of the impedance permeability (μz) of ferromagnetic materials under the condition of sinusoidal current (sinusoidal H) excitation. Test specimens in the form of laminated toroidal cores, tape-wound toroidal cores, and link-type laminated cores having uniform cross sections and closed flux paths (no air gaps) are used. The method is intended as a means for determining the magnetic performance of ferromagnetic strip having a thickness less than or equal to 0.025 in. [0.635 mm].  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Permeameters require the use of yokes to complete the magnetic circuit and are therefore inherently less accurate than ring test methods. Refer to Test Method A596/A596M for further details on ring test methods. However, when testing certain shapes as bars or when magnetic field strength in excess of 200 Oe [16 kA/m] is required, permeameters are the only practical means of measuring magnetic properties.  
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SCOPE
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FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Permeameter  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter (main current)
A2—Multirange ammeter (hysteresis current)
B—Magnetic flux density test position for Switch S3
F—Electronic Fluxmeter
H—Magnetic field strength test position for Switch S3
N1—Magnetizing coil
N2—Magnetic flux sensing (B) coil
N3—Magnetic field strength (H) sensing coil
R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
S1—Reversing switch for magnetizing current
S2—Shunting switch for hysteresis current control rheostat
S3—Fluxmeter selector switch
SP—Specimen  
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SCOPE
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5.1 Hysteresigraphs permit more rapid and efficient collection of data as compared to the point by point ballistic Test Methods A341/A341M and A596/A596M. The high measurement point density offered by computer-automated systems is often required for computer aided design of electrical components such as transformers, motors, and relays.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides dc hysteresigraph procedures for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, spirally wound toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes that may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for initial and normal magnetization curves and hysteresis loop determination taken under conditions of continuous sweep magnetization. Rate of sweep may be varied, either manually or automatically at different portions of the curves during measurement.  
1.2 The equipment and procedures described in this test method are most suited for soft and semi-hard materials with intrinsic coercivity less than about 100 Oersteds [8 kA/M]. Materials with higher intrinsic coercivities should be tested according to Test Method A977/A977M.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM A596/A596M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Direct-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Point by Point (Ballistic) Method and Ring Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Test methods using suitable ring-type specimens4 are the preferred methods of determining the basic magnetic properties of a material caused by the absence of demagnetizing effects and are well suited for specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.  
3.2 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulk material as is usually the case for thin strip and wire, this test is also suitable for design purposes.  
3.3 When the test specimen is not necessarily representative of the bulk material such as a ring machined from a large forging or casting, the results of this test method may not be an accurate indicator of the magnetic properties of the bulk material. In such instances, the test results when viewed in context of past performance history will be useful for judging the suitability of the current material for the intended application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers dc testing for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes which may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for determination of the normal magnetization curve and hysteresis loop taken under conditions of steep wavefront reversals of the direct-current magnetic field strength.  
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for a testing range from very low magnetic field strength up to 200 or more Oe [15.9 or more kA/m]. The lower limit is determined by integrator sensitivity and the upper limit by heat generation in the magnetizing winding. Special techniques and short duration testing may extend the upper limit of magnetic field strength.  
1.4 Testing under this test method is inherently more accurate than other methods. When specified dimensional or shape requirements are observed, the measurements are a good approximation to absolute properties. Test accuracy available is primarily limited by the accuracy of instrumentation. In most cases, equivalent results may be obtained using Test Method A773/A773M or the test methods of IEC Publication 60404-4.  
1.5 This test method permits a choice of test specimen to permit measurement of properties in any desired direction relative to the direction of crystallographic orientation without interference from external yoke systems.  
1.6 The symbols and abbreviated definitions used in this test method appear in Fig. 1 and Sections 5, 6, 9, and 10. For the official definitions see Terminology A340.  
FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Ring-Type Cores  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter, main-magnetizing current circuit
A2—Multirange ammeter, hysteresis-current circuit
N1—Magnetizing (primary) winding
N2—Flux-sensing (secondary) winding
F—Electronic integrator
  R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
S1—Reversing switch
S2—Shunting switch for hysteresis current control rheostat  
1.7 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm ) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.8 The values stated in either customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this test method, the SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections fo...

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ASTM
ASTM A342/A342M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Permeability of Weakly Magnetic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is suitable for specification acceptance, design purposes, service evaluation, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, and research and development.  
3.2 Because of the restrictions on the specimen shape and size, this test method is most often used to evaluate semifinished product before fabrication of parts.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for determination of the permeability [relative permeability]2 of materials having a relative permeability not exceeding 6.0.  
1.2 The test methods covered are as follows:  
1.2.1 Test Method 1—Fluxmetric Method is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
1.2.2 Test Method 2—Permeability of Paramagnetic Materials has been eliminated as an acceptable method of test.  
1.2.3 Test Method 3—Low Mu Permeability Indicator is suitable for measuring the permeability of a material as “less than” or “greater than” that of calibrated standard inserts with relative permeabilities between 1.01 and 6.0, as designated for use in a Low-Mu Permeability Indicator.3 In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.  
1.2.4 Test Method 4—Flux Distortion is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 2.0. In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.4  
1.2.5 Test Method 5—Vibrating Sample Magnetometry is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This test method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
1.3 Materials typically tested by these methods such as austenitic stainless steels may be weakly ferromagnetic. That is, the magnetic permeability is dependent on the magnetic field strength. As a consequence, the results obtained using the different methods may not closely agree with each other. When using Methods 1 and 5, it is imperative to specify the magnetic field strength or range of magnetic field strengths at which the permeabilities have been determined.  
1.4 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A34/A34M-06(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selection and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of magnetic properties of various materials.  
4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base electrical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test practices for determination of various magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials.  
1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or independent of, the standard test methods and materials specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly apply.  
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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