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ASTM E2435-05(2010)e1

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties

Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Intended Application of Guide—This guide is intended for use at properties that are presently developed or proposed for development for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes but which contain chemical-affected soil, groundwater, air, or other environmental media, which may pose an unacceptable risk to human health. This guide can be used as a tool for planning and implementation of property reuse or redevelopment activities at former commercial/industrial facilities, “brownfield” properties, or properties containing naturally occurring, chemical-affected environmental media so as to effectively manage potential human exposures to COCs which might otherwise limit productive use of the property.  
Situations Where This Guide May Be Applied—An engineering control may be needed as part of the development plan when: (1) COCs are present in soil, groundwater, or other environmental media at concentrations posing unacceptable risk(s) to human health per applicable regulatory criteria or a risk-based evaluation; (2) a potentially complete exposure pathway for COCs is likely to exist in the absence of an engineering control or other response measure, and (3) installation and maintenance of the engineering control is determined to be an applicable and cost-effective response action relative to other options. A property should not be excluded from development or redevelopment solely on the basis of chemical-affected media, in general, and chemical-affected groundwater, in particular. If no affected environmental media are identified as having COC concentrations in excess of applicable regulatory standards or risk-based criteria, then engineering controls or other response measures are not required.  
Assumptions for Use of This Guide—For use of this guide, it is assumed that (1) an environmental site assessment has been completed to characterize chemical-affected environmental media, (2) exposures to COCs posing an unacceptable risk to the health of current or futu...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents general considerations for application of engineering controls to facilitate continued use or redevelopment of properties containing chemical-affected soil, groundwater, or other environmental media, due either to chemical releases or naturally-occurring conditions. This guide is not meant to be prescriptive but rather to present considerations for evaluating technologies capable of addressing potential human exposures associated with chemical-affected environmental media.  
1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that should be taken into account when developing an engineering control in accordance with this guide.
1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers, civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrial parties, environmental consultants, and other persons concerned with residential, commercial, or industrial development of real properties where chemical-affected environmental media are present. The design process should involve the individuals and firms working on various aspects of the specifications for construction, operation, and maintenance. If the site is located on public property, then public participation should be considered during the design process.  
1.4 This guide is directed toward properties where chemical-affected environmental media, associated with either human-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions, will remain in place and where active or passive engineering controls will be used to reduce or eliminate exposures that may otherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2010
ICS
13.020.40 - Pollution, pollution control and conservation
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.04 - Corrective Action
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2435-05(2010)e1 - Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected PropertiesASTM E2435-05(2010)e1 - Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties
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ASTM E2435-05(2010)e1 - Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: E2435 − 05(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Guide for
Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or
Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Units information was editorially revised in November 2010.
INTRODUCTION
Environmental media, such as soil, groundwater, or air, are susceptible to impact by chemical
releases associated with past property-use activities; or they may be affected by naturally occurring
conditions. Previously developed properties may have been impacted by chemical releases associated
with historical operations, chemical spill incidents, waste management practices, or other related
sources of COCs. In some cases, such chemicals may remain in soil, groundwater, or other
environmental media; and, depending on their toxicity, concentration, location, and migration
potential in the environment, they can pose a potential health risk in the event of exposure of current
or future property users. Similarly, in the absence of a chemical release caused by human activity,
COCs that are naturally present in soils, groundwater, soil vapors, or other environmental media can
pose an unacceptable risk to human health, depending on the chemical toxicity and exposure (e.g.,
radon gas emanation into indoor air space of overlying buildings). Under certain conditions, in the
absence of exposure controls, human exposure to chemical-affected environmental media at
residential, commercial, or industrial properties could occur via various exposure pathways, including
but not limited to (1) surface soil direct contact, (2) ambient or indoor air vapor exposure, or (3)
affected groundwater impact on subsurface structures or utilities. Other pathways or exposure
mechanisms may exist, and if so, should be addressed in a similar manner to those addressed in the
guide.
1. Scope 1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers,
civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrial
1.1 This guide presents general considerations for applica-
parties, environmental consultants, and other persons con-
tion of engineering controls to facilitate continued use or
cerned with residential, commercial, or industrial development
redevelopment of properties containing chemical-affected soil,
of real properties where chemical-affected environmental me-
groundwater, or other environmental media, due either to
dia are present. The design process should involve the indi-
chemicalreleasesornaturally-occurringconditions.Thisguide
viduals and firms working on various aspects of the specifica-
is not meant to be prescriptive but rather to present consider-
tionsforconstruction,operation,andmaintenance.Ifthesiteis
ations for evaluating technologies capable of addressing po-
located on public property, then public participation should be
tential human exposures associated with chemical-affected
considered during the design process.
environmental media.
1.4 This guide is directed toward properties where
1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that should be taken into
chemical-affected environmental media, associated with either
accountwhendevelopinganengineeringcontrolinaccordance human-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions,
with this guide.
will remain in place and where active or passive engineering
controlswillbeusedtoreduceoreliminateexposuresthatmay
otherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.
1.5 This guide identifies the exposure concerns associated
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
with chemical-affected properties that may affect the property
ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
development plan, both in the construction phase and during
Current edition approved Nov. 17, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally
the proposed use of the property; defines performance stan-
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2435 – 05. DOI:
10.1520/E2435-05R10E01. dards for control of applicable exposure pathways; and, for
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
E2435 − 05 (2010)
A
TABLE 1 Design Considerations for Engineering Controls
Check
When If Not
B
Task/Description Reference Complete Applicable
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
1. Regulatory Framework
 Regulations: Identify federal, state, and local laws, rules, and ordinances applicable to 6.3.9 hh
site characterization and engineering controls. Ensure design and installation conform to
technical standards specified in regulations.
 Guidance: Identify relevant guidance documents. 4.6,6.3.9 hh
 Risk Limits: Define unacceptable risk per regulatory framework or other process. 5.2 hh
 Permitting: Complete permitting, notification, and activity and use limitations per 6.3.9 hh
regulatory requirements.
2. Site Conceptual Model
 Delineation: Define extent of chemical-affected environmental media: soil, groundwater, 5.2.1 hh
air, other.
 Chemicals of Concern: Identify COCs, toxicity, concentrations, locations, migration 5.2.1 hh
potential.
 Receptors: Identify potential receptors, complete exposure pathways, define 5.2.1 hh
anticipated property use during design life of engineering control.
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
1. Considerations for Site Development Plan
 Human Contact: Reduce or eliminate human contact with chemical-affected 5.3.1 hh
environmental media.
 Waste: Limit generation of hazardous waste materials. 5.3.1 hh
 COC Migration: Prevent off-site migration of COCs. 5.3.1 hh
 Plume Expansion: Prevent expansion of affected soil and groundwater zones. 5.3.1 hh
2. Limitations on Site Development Plan
 Subsurface Construction: Consider locations of structures and subsurface penetrations, 5.3.2 hh
consider direct contact with chemical-affected groundwater during construction.
 Existing Facilities: Consider need to maintain existing engineering controls. 5.3.2 hh
DESIGN OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS
1. Achievement of Performance Standard
 Risk Limits: Reduce or eliminate unacceptable risk by either or both of the following: 6.1.1 hh
a. By preventing direct contact with chemical-affected environmental media.
b. By preventing migration of COCs from chemical-affected environmental media to
point of exposure.
 Design Life: Set design life of engineering control equal to lesser of the following: 6.1.2 hh
a. Expected duration of the exposure hazard.
b. Expected duration of the site or structure for the specified property use.
2. Application of Engineering Controls to Specific Exposure Pathways
 Direct Contact: Prevent surface soil direct contact by either or both of the following 6.2.1 hh
a. Obstructing human contact with chemical-affected soil.
b. Impeding the release of wind-driven soil particulates into the air.
 Soil or Groundwater Vapors: Prevent inhalation of vapors at concentrations exceeding 6.2.2 hh
unacceptable risk levels by inhibiting migration of vapors to ambient or indoor air.
 Groundwater Impacts: Prevent impact of affected groundwater on subsurface structures 6.2.3 hh
or utilities by installing a barrier to flow.
3. Design Specifications
 Qualifications: Prepare design specification by qualified persons having required 4.5,6.3 hh
professional or regulatory certifications.
 Participation: Solicit, consider, and incorporate input from individuals and firms working 1.3 hh
on various aspects of the design, construction, operation, and maintenance
specifications.
 Documentation: Document design specifications in sufficient detail to evaluate 6.3 hh
compliance with performance criteria.
 Design Basis Information: Develop design basis information sufficient to support 6.3.1 hh
engineering design of components of the engineering control.
 Effective Area: Define effective area to address the full area or volume, or both, of the 6.3.2 hh
chemical-affected environmental media requiring exposure control.
 Defining Boundary: Specify defining boundary to physically demarcate or document 6.3.2 hh
engineering control or area of chemical-affected media, or both.
 Components: Specify design components of engineering control, including details of 6.3.3 hh
design, installation, and operation and maintenance.
 Dimensions and Material Specifications: Evaluate the properties of each design 6.3.4 hh
component (e.g., material strength, durability, corrosion resistance, chemical
compatibility) for capability to achieve the specified performance standard for the
duration of the design life under anticipated site conditions.
 Treatment System: Specify design for construction or installation of treatment system 6.3.5 hh
for soil or groundwater, including removal efficiency or required concentrations
after treatment.
 Documentation: Prepare record drawings, drawings conforming to construction records, 6.3.7 hh
or other written records to document installation of engineering control.
INSTALLATION OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS
 QA/QC Program: Set up system of inspections, monitoring, or testing, or combination 7.1 hh
thereof, to confirm installation in accordance with design specifications.
 Qualifications: Specify installation by persons qualified to complete work by reason of 7.2 hh
professional or regulatory certifications.
´1
E2435 − 05 (2010)
TABLE 1 Continued
Check
When If Not
B
Task/Description Reference Complete Applicable
MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS
 Obligatory Requirements: Ensure monitoring requirements comply with enforcement 8.1 hh
instruments for site (e.g., consent agreement, consent order, order, permit, etc.).
 Periodic Monitoring: Specify type (e.g., visual inspection, physical measurements, 8.2 hh
sampling and testing) and frequency, of monitoring programs needed to assess
performance of engineering control and fulfill regulatory requirements. Include triggers
for non-routine monitoring.
 Maintenance: Describe schedule and procedures for conducting repairs or 8.3 hh
replacements indicated by periodic monitoring.
 Assessment: Describe procedures for assessing the performance of the engineering 8.4 hh
control and implementing changes as needed to address results of the periodic
monitoring.
 Re-Evaluation: Describe procedures for re-evaluating the performance of the 4.4,5.4,8.4 hh
engineering control and implementing changes as needed to address (1) a change
in land use, regulatory criteria, or site development plan; or (2) a newly identified risk.
USE OF ACTIVITY AND USE LIMITATIONS
 Need for Activity and Use Limitations: Identify the activity and use limitations to be 9.1 hh
implemented along with engineering controls in order to control risk.
 Recordation: File activity and use limitations in real property records of governmental 9.2 hh
entities having jurisdiction over the site in order to notify future owners and users of
the site about the presence of engineering controls.
A
Table presents design issues to be considered to demonstrate that the design of an engineering control for chemical-affected property has been developed in accordance
with this guide. Consideration of the issues should be documented in accordance with the identified regulatory framework for the site.
B
References indicate sections of this guide.
each exposure pathway, provides examples of engineering 1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the
controls that may be applied for new or existing construction. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.6 This guide will assist in identification of the optimal
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
property development plan for a property with chemical-
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
affected environmental media. Such a plan will address both
short-term construction issues and long-term exposures of
2. Referenced Documents
property users.
2.1 The pertinent ASTM standards for development of
1.7 This guide does not address the broader range of
engineering controls at chemical-affected properties are listed
environmental concerns that are not directly affected by con-
below. Additional standards and other non-ASTM references
structionmeasuresandengineeringcontrols(e.g.,protectionof
relatedtothedevelopmentofengineeringcontrolsatchemical-
water resources or ecological receptors).
affected properties are provided in Appendix X6.
1.8 Detailed specifications for site-specific application of
2.2 ASTM Standards:
engineering controls are not addressed in this guide. The user
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
is referred to other related ASTM standards and technical
C1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-
guidelines regarding the implementation of the site evaluation
ants (Withdrawn 2012)
and corrective action process, as well as the detailed design,
E1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for
installation, operation, and maintenance of these engineering
Contaminated Sites
controls.
E1745 Specification for Plastic Water Vapor Retarders Used
1.9 The overall strategy for addressing unacceptable risks
inContactwithSoilorGranularFillunderConcreteSlabs
may employ either remedial actions or activity and use
E1984 Guide for Brownfields Redevelopment (Withdrawn
limitations, or both. Engineering controls are a subset of
2012)
remedialactionsgiventhat(1)remedialactionsinvolvecutting
E2081 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action
off the exposure pathway or reducing the concentration of
E2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,
COCs, or both and (2) that engineering controls only involve
Including Institutional and Engineering Controls
cutting off the exposure pathway. Engineering controls are
E2121 Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems in
briefly described in Guide E2091, which describes a broad
Existing Low-Rise Residential Buildings
range of options for managing risk. This guide covers imple-
mentationofengineeringcontrolsinadetailedmanner,thereby
providing a needed complement to the information provided in
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Guide E2091.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An acute toxicity test is conducted to assess the effects of a short term exposure of organisms to a test material under specific experimental conditions. An acute toxicity test does not provide information concerning whether delayed effects will occur and typically evaluates effects on survival. A chronic test is typically longer in duration and includes a sublethal endpoint to assess effects on a population that might occur beyond the exposure period. Because the bivalve embryo development test includes a sublethal endpoint, but is also short in duration, these tests are considered to be short-term chronic tests.  
5.2 Because embryos and larvae are usually assumed to be the most sensitive life stages of these bivalve mollusc species and because these species are commercially and recreationally important, results of these acute tests are often considered to be a good indication of the acceptability of pollutant concentrations to saltwater molluscan species in general. Results of these acute toxicity tests are often assumed to be an important consideration when assessing the hazard of materials to other saltwater organisms (see Guide E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for saltwater organisms (3) .  
5.3 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions, except that toxicity to benthic species might depend on sorption or settling of the test material onto the substrate.  
5.4 Results of short-term chronic tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different species to different test materials, and to determine the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests.  
5.5 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be useful for studying biological availability of, and structure activity relationships between, test materials.  
5.6 Results of any toxicity test will depend on temper...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the acute effects of a test material on embryos and the resulting larvae of four species of saltwater bivalve molluscs (Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg; eastern oyster,  Crassostrea virginica Gmelin; quahog or hard clam,  Mercenaria mercenaria Linnaeus; and the mussel species complex (Mytilus spp.) including the blue mussel,  Mytilus edulis Linnaeus; the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark; and the Northern Bay Mussel, Mytilus trossulus Gould) during static 48-h exposures. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting static short-term chronic toxicity tests starting with embryos of other bivalve species (1)2 although modifications might be necessary.  
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using procedures appropriate to a particular species or special needs and circumstances is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted by using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained by using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting 48-h acute tests starting with embryos of bivalve molluscs.  
1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct acute tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters. Renewal tests might be preferable to static tests for materials that have a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed...

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ASTM E1676-12(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity or Bioaccumulation Tests with the Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia Fetida and the Enchytraeid Potworm Enchytraeus albidus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Soil toxicity tests provide information concerning the toxicity and bioavailability of chemicals associated with soils to terrestrial organisms. As important members of the soil fauna, lumbricid earthworms and enchytraeid potworms have a number of characteristics that make them appropriate organisms for use in the assessment of potentially hazardous soils. Earthworms may ingest large quantities of soil, have a close relationship with other soil biomasses (for example, invertebrates, roots, humus, litter, and microorganisms), constitute up to 92 % of the invertebrate biomass of soil, and are important in recycling nutrients (1, 2).4 Enchytraeids contribute up to 5.2 % of soil respiration, constitute the second-highest biomass in many soils (the highest in acid soils in which earthworms are lacking) and effect considerably nutrient cycling and community metabolism (3-5). Earthworms and potworms accumulate and are affected by a variety of organic and inorganic compounds (2-10, 11-14). In addition, earthworms and potworms are important in terrestrial food webs, constituting a food source for a very wide variety of organisms, including birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, nematodes, and centipedes  (15, 16, 3). A major change in the abundance of soil invertebrates such as lumbricids or enchytraeids, either as a food source or as organisms functioning properly in trophic energy transfer and nutrient cycling, could have serious adverse ecological effects on the entire terrestrial system.  
5.2 A number of species of lumbricids and enchytraeid worms have been used in field and laboratory investigations in the United States and Europe. Although the sensitivity of various lumbricid species to specific chemicals may vary, from their study of four species of earthworms (including E. fetida) exposed to ten organic compounds representing six classes of chemicals, Neuhauser, et al  (7)  suggest that the selection of earthworm test species does not affect the a...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data to evaluate the adverse effects of contaminants (for example, chemicals or biomolecules) associated with soil to earthworms (Family Lumbricidae) and potworms (Family Enchytraeidae) from soil toxicity or bioaccumulation tests. The methods are designed to assess lethal or sublethal toxic effects on earthworms or bioaccumulation of contaminants in short-term tests (7 to 28 days) or on potworms in short to long-term tests (14 to 42 days) in terrestrial systems. Soils to be tested may be (1) reference soils or potentially toxic site soils; (2) artificial, reference, or site soils spiked with compounds; (3) site soils diluted with reference soils; or (4) site or reference soils diluted with artificial soil. Test procedures are described for the species Eisenia fetida (see Annex A1) and for the species Enchytraeus albidus (see Annex A4). Methods described in this guide may also be useful for conducting soil toxicity tests with other lumbricid and enchytraeid terrestrial species, although modifications may be necessary.  
1.2 Modification of these procedures might be justified by special needs. The results of tests conducted using atypical procedures may not be comparable to results using this guide. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting soil toxicity and bioaccumulation tests with terrestrial worms.  
1.3 The results from field-collected soils used in toxicity tests to determine a spatial or temporal distribution of soil toxicity may be reported in terms of the biological effects on survival or sublethal endpoints (see Section 14). These procedures can be used with appropriate modifications to conduct soil toxicity tests when factors such as temperature, pH, and soil characteristics (for example, particle size, organic matter c...

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ASTM E2435-05(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Intended Application of Guide—This guide is intended for use at properties that are presently developed or proposed for development for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes but which contain chemical-affected soil, groundwater, air, or other environmental media, which may pose an unacceptable risk to human health. This guide can be used as a tool for planning and implementation of property reuse or redevelopment activities at former commercial/industrial facilities, “brownfield” properties, or properties containing naturally occurring, chemical-affected environmental media so as to effectively manage potential human exposures to COCs which might otherwise limit productive use of the property.  
4.2 Situations Where This Guide May Be Applied—An engineering control may be needed as part of the development plan when: (1) COCs are present in soil, groundwater, or other environmental media at concentrations posing unacceptable risk(s) to human health per applicable regulatory criteria or a risk-based evaluation; (2) a potentially complete exposure pathway for COCs is likely to exist in the absence of an engineering control or other response measure, and (3) installation and maintenance of the engineering control is determined to be an applicable and cost-effective response action relative to other options. A property should not be excluded from development or redevelopment solely on the basis of chemical-affected media, in general, and chemical-affected groundwater, in particular. If no affected environmental media are identified as having COC concentrations in excess of applicable regulatory standards or risk-based criteria, then engineering controls or other response measures are not required.  
4.3 Assumptions for Use of This Guide—For use of this guide, it is assumed that (1) an environmental site assessment has been completed to characterize chemical-affected environmental media, (2) exposures to COCs posing an unacceptable risk to the health of cur...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents general considerations for application of engineering controls to facilitate continued use or redevelopment of properties containing chemical-affected soil, groundwater, or other environmental media, due either to chemical releases or naturally-occurring conditions. This guide is not meant to be prescriptive but rather to present considerations for evaluating technologies capable of addressing potential human exposures associated with chemical-affected environmental media.  
1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that should be taken into account when developing an engineering control in accordance with this guide.  
1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers, civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrial parties, environmental consultants, and other persons concerned with residential, commercial, or industrial development of real properties where chemical-affected environmental media are present. The design process should involve the individuals and firms working on various aspects of the specifications for construction, operation, and maintenance. If the site is located on public property, then public participation should be considered during the design process.  
1.4 This guide is directed toward properties where chemical-affected environmental media, associated with either human-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions, will remain in place and where active or passive engineering controls will be used to reduce or eliminate exposures that may otherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.  
1.5 This guide identifies the exposure concerns associated with chemical-affected properties that may affect the property development plan, both in the construction phase and during the proposed use of the property; defines performance standards for control of applicable exposure pathways; and, for each exposure pathway, provides examples of eng...

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ASTM E1848-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpoints for Contaminated Sites

ABSTRACT
This guide deals with an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors and agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at specific sites under current and future land uses. It does not address assessment and measurement endpoints for non-site specific studies (for example, chemical specific or regional risk assessments) or measurements in abiotic media (soil, water, or air). Conditions of the site and risk assessment that should be considered in identifying and selecting assessment and measurement endpoints include stressor characteristics, ecosystem types, spatial scale, temporal scale, ecological organization, and functionality/values. The following subsections present a partial listing of representative measurement endpoints: measurement endpoints representing ecosystem assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing community assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing population assessment endpoints, and measurement endpoints representing individual organism assessment endpoints. Other general considerations, desirable characteristics of assessment and measurement endpoints, candidate site-related ecological receptors, candidate assessment endpoints, specific steps in identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints, addressing uncertainties in the identification and selection of assessment and measurement endpoints, documenting the selection of assessment and measurement endpoints.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide assumes that a decision has been made that an ecological risk assessment is required for a contaminated site. In some cases, this decision could be made before any site data are collected. See Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Conceptual Relationships between Assessment Endpoints, Measurement Endpoints and Lines of Evidence (Source: Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan (FCSAP) Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance, Government of Canada, March 2012)  
4.2 The selection of assessment endpoints (defined as ecological values to be protected) and measurement endpoints (ecological characteristics related to the assessment endpoints) is a critical step in conducting an ecological risk assessment. Endpoint selection identifies those effects which are ecologically significant and not merely those that are adverse, thus providing a more rational and defensible basis for making risk and remedial decisions.  
4.3 This guide provides an approach for identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints in an ecological risk assessment for a contaminated site. This guide has been developed because there is no universal, simple measure of ecological health analogous to measures used in human health risk assessment. Assessment and measurement endpoints have to be identified and selected from a variety of individual circumstances on a stressor-, ecosystem- and scale-specific basis. It is important to recognize that a diverse set of ecological endpoints could be required for a specific site. EPA/100/F15/005 Generic Ecological Assessment Endpoints (GEAEs) For Ecological Risk Assessment: Second Edition With Generic Ecosystem Services Endpoints Added. July 2016)  
4.4 This guide is intended to be used primarily by a biologist, ecologist, ecotoxicologist, or a team of environmental scientists during problem formulation and work plan development prior to initiating data collection activities at a contaminated site (3-8, 10).  
4.5 Ecological risk assessment is usually an...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) (1-8)2 that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors or agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at spe...

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ASTM E2616-09(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Action and Non-Risk Considerations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use within a RBCA process or other risk-based framework for protection of human health and the environment that is based on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, and receptors.  
4.2 This guide is intended to identify the factors that should be considered in the selection and implementation of an appropriate remedial action to address COCs present in environmental media at the site at concentrations above the remedial action levels. The specific process used to select the remedial action will vary widely from site to site. However, in all cases, the selected remedial action should be both a protective remedial action (that is, achieves the risk-based remedial action objectives) and an acceptable remedial action (that is, satisfies the non-risk remedial action objectives).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of appropriate remedial actions at sites where a release of chemicals (for example, vapor-phase, dissolved-phase, or non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL)) into the environment has occurred. This overall remedy selection process is illustrated in Fig. 1. The guide is intended to be applied within a risk-based corrective action (RBCA) framework.
FIG. 1 Remedy Selection Process  
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions and to minimize bad decisions leading to the selection of remedial actions that do not satisfy both the risk-based remedial action objectives and the non-risk remedial action objectives.  
1.3 This guide is intended to be applied at sites that require a remedial action to address unacceptable human heath or ecological risks, other regulatory requirements, and/or other unacceptable site conditions. Prior to use of this guide, a site assessment should be completed resulting in: (1) the establishment of remedial action objectives, (2) a determination that a remedial action is required to achieve the remedial action objectives, (3) an identification of site areas requiring a remedial action, and (4) a conceptual site model that reflects the results of the site assessment. The risk-based remedial action objectives are assumed to have been established using RBCA or another risk-based assessment method that results in the identification of appropriate remedial action objectives based on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, and potential receptors. Remedial action objectives may be established using Guide E1739, Guide E2081, and/or Guide E2205. In addition, applicable federal, state, and local regulations, statutes, and policies should be followed and should form the basis for determining risk-based and non-risk remedial action objectives. The remedial action objectives may include resource protection standards and the prevention of aesthetic or nuisance impacts in addition to protection of human health and the environment.  
1.4 Each risk-based remedial action objective for an exposure pathway will typically include numeric remedial action levels for each chemical of concern (COC). Remedial action levels may also be developed for non-risk remedial action objectives such as resource protection standards. The non-risk remedial action levels may include thickness or mobility criteria for NAPL. The selected remedy must be effective and timely for each remedial action objective based on the consideration of the associated exposure pathway or resource protection standard.  
1.5 To facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions, this guide establishes a process for remedy selection (Fig. 2) that involves:
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart  
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart (continued)  
1.5.1 Development of risk-based remedial action objectives that includes identification of complete exposure pathways and numeric remedial action levels (Section 5).  
1.5.2 Development of non-risk remedial action objectives based on resource protection and other non-risk considerations...

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ASTM E2790-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Identifying and Complying With Continuing Obligations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Uses—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis primarily by parties who desire to satisfy  continuing obligations at commercial real estate or at forestland or rural properties. As such, this guide provides information and suggested procedures that could be useful to persons who wish to establish one of the CERCLA LLPs or similar liability protections offered under state law. This guide may apply where response actions have already occurred, where response actions remain ongoing, or where response actions may be necessary in the future. As noted in 1.1.2, the use of this guide need not be necessarily limited to CERCLA LLPs.  
4.2 Clarifications on Use:  
4.2.1 Use is Property-Specific—Continuing obligations, and the process to identify and implement continuing obligations, is necessarily property-specific. Therefore, this guide includes information to consider when performing a property-specific, fact-based evaluation to determine appropriate continuing obligations.  
4.2.2 Partially Addresses Eligibility for CERCLA LLPs—Users wishing to establish CERCLA LLPs should be aware that the continuing obligations covered by this guide comprise only part of CERCLA's statutory eligibility requirements for LLPs. For example, users seeking to qualify for LLPs  must perform AAI before property acquisition. Users  seeking the BFPP or CPO LLP must also demonstrate that they are not liable or potentially liable or affiliated with any person who is liable or potentially liable for releases of  hazardous substances under CERCLA. 42 U.S.C. §9607(q)(1)(A)(ii); 42 U.S.C. §9601(40)(B)(viii). Further, users seeking the BFPP  or ILO  LLP must establish that disposal of hazardous substances occurred on the property prior to its acquisition. 42 U.S.C. §9601(40)(B)(i); 42 U.S.C. §9601(35)(A). Users seeking the CPO LLP must establish that they did not cause, contribute or consent to the release of hazardous substances. 42 U.S.C. §9607(q)(A)(i). Finally, users seeking to qual...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to provide information and guidance2 related to the process of identifying and fulfilling continuing obligations3 at commercial real estate, and forestland and rural property that is contaminated by hazardous substances within the scope of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) (42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq.), petroleum products, or other contaminants that require cleanup under federal or state law (collectively hereafter chemicals of concern). Because of the importance of federal law, this guide largely focuses on continuing obligations applicable to the innocent landowner (ILO), the contiguous property owner (CPO), and the bona fide prospective purchaser (BFPP) protections from CERCLA liability (hereinafter, collectively referred to as the “CERCLA Landowner Liability Protections,” or “CERCLA LLPs”) (see Legal Appendix X1 to Appendix X3 for an outline of CERCLA's liability and defense provisions). However, the continuing obligations arising from CERCLA LLPs are often very similar to the types of continuing obligations that state laws set as conditions for state liability protections. And, therefore, the purpose of this guide seeks to help users who wish to perform continuing obligations because of concerns over CERCLA liability and also extends to help users who wish to perform continuing obligations because of concerns over state law liability. Similarly, where sound risk management rather than a desire for liability protection is the goal, the procedures recommended in this guide can also prove useful  
1.1.1 Intended Scope of Standard Guide—As a standard guide, this document provides a compendium of information and options but does not recommend a specific course of action. As a guide, the purpose of this standard is to simply increase the awareness of possible techniques or procedures related to continuing obligations and to offer guida...

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