ASTM C429-82(1996)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of common raw materials for glass manufacture, such as sand, soda-ash, limestone, alkali-alumina silicates, and other granular materials used in glass batch.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 429 – 82 (Reapproved 1996)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.4 sample increment—an individual portion of the gross
sample taken from the lot at a definite time or location, or both;
1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of common
increments shall be of nearly equal weight or volume, or both.
raw materials for glass manufacture, such as sand, soda-ash,
3.1.4.1 Discussion—A 2.2 to 4.5-kg (5 to 10-lb) increment
limestone, alkali-alumina silicates, and other granular materials
generally is satisfactory in sampling raw materials for glass
used in glass batch.
manufacture, for determining particle size distribution.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.5 laboratory sample—a 0.9 to 1.8-kg (2 to 4-lb) repre-
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
sentative fraction of the gross sample.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.6 test specimen—a 100 to 150-g representative fraction
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the laboratory sample.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the
2. Referenced Documents particle size distribution of the glass raw materials.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Apparatus
C 92 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis and Water Content of
2 5.1 Testing Sieves:
Refractory Materials
5.1.1 Sieves shall conform to Specification E 11 with par-
C 325 Test Method for Wet Sieve Analysis of Ceramic
3 ticular reference to Table 1 and Section 4 on Frames. Sieves
Whiteware Clays
shall be designated by the U. S. Standard Series of sieve
C 371 Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Non-
numbers and shall vary in opening size by the ratio of the
plastic Ceramic Powders
2:1, in accordance with frames 1 in. (25 mm) deep (half
=
D 346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke
height) are recommended for mechanical shaking. The follow-
Samples for Laboratory Analysis
ing sieves shall be provided:
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
Sieve Designation Sieve Designation
poses
E 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
No. 8 (2.36-mm) No. 50 (300-μm)
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate the No. 12 (1.70-mm) No. 70 (212-μm)
No. 16 (1.18-mm) No. 100 (150-μm)
Average Quality for a Lot or Process
No. 20 (850-μm) No. 140 (106-μm)
No. 30 (600-μm) No. 200 (75-μm)
3. Terminology
No. 40 (425-μm)
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.1.2 Standard Matched Sieves—A reference set of standard
3.1.1 unit for sampling—a carload lot or truckload lot of
matched sieves shall be provided for use in checking the set of
bulk material, or the entire shipment of bagged material.
sieves used in the actual sieve analysis of samples. The sieves
3.1.2 sublot—a fraction of a shipment of bagged material,
for use in sieve analysis of samples may also be standard
1 1
such as ⁄10 or ⁄20 of the lot.
matched sieves or may be unmatched sieves conforming to
3.1.3 gross sample—the total number of sample increments
5.1.1, provided that such sieves will give results that differ by
taken from the lot.
not more than 5 % from those obtained with the reference set
when the two sets are compared in accordance with Section 6.
5.2 Sieve Shaker—A mechanically operated sieve shaker
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-14 on Glass
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 on
that imparts to the set of sieves a rotary motion and tapping
Chemical Analysis.
Current edition approved Aug. 27, 1982. Published October 1982. Originally
issued as C 429 – 59 T. Last previous edition C 429 – 65 (1977).
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01. Matched sieves, available from the following scientific supply companies, have
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02. been found satisfactory for this purpose: VWR Scientific Co., P.O. Box 626,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05. Bridgeport, NJ 08014; Fisher Scientific Co., 585 Alpha Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15238;
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. and W. S. Tyler Co., 8570 Tyler Blvd., Mentor, OH 44060.
C 429
action of uniform speed shall be provided. The number of taps size and sieved. The same set of sieves shall be used for all
per minute shall be between 140 and 150. The sieve shaker tests. Duplication of results within each group should be 5 % or
shall be fitted with a wooden plug or rubber stopper to receive better.
the impact of the tapper. Other types of mechanical shakers
7. Care and Cleaning of Testing Sieves
may be used, provided they can be adjusted to duplicate within
5 % results obtained by the type specified above, when tested
7.1 Testing sieves must be properly cared for if reproducible
with the same sample and standard matched sieves. The shaker
and reliable results are to be obtained from them. The life of a
shall be equipped with an automatic timer accurate to ⁄2 min.
sieve is materially lengthened by proper care and careful
5.3 Sample Splitters:
handling. It is inevitable that some particles will become
5.3.1 For the reduction of the gross sample to laboratory
fastened in the sieve cloth, but excessive clogging can be
size, either a large riffle with 25-mm (1-in.) openings or a
controlled by brushing the underside of the wire cloth with a
sample splitter of the type that cuts out a fractional part (for
stiff bristle or bronze wire brush every time the sieve is used in
example, a twelfth or a sixteenth) of the gross sample may be
testing. A nylon bristle paint brush 51 mm (2 in.) in width, with
used. Sample splitters are available commercially or may be
the bristles cut back to about 25 mm (1 in.) long, is recom-
constructed by the user. The criterion for their use is that they
mended for brushing, although any short-bristle brush that will
shall produce a representative sample.
not stick in the wire cloth is satisfactory. A bronze wire brush
1 1
5.3.2 Riffles with openings of 6.4 to 13 mm ( ⁄4 to ⁄2 in.) are
should be used only for sieves No. 60 and coarser. Brushing
required for reducing the laboratory sample to test size. The
shall be firm enough to remove the majority of clogging
riffle opening must be at least three times the width of the
particles but not so vigorous as to distort the sieve cloth. Sieves
largest particle diameter. This restricts use of a riffle with
shall be washed periodically with a mild detergent or soap,
6.4-mm openings to materials passing a No. 8 sieve.
brushing on the underside of the cloth. They should be washed
5.4 Balance—A suitable balance or scale capable of weigh-
immediately after sieving hygroscopic materials, such as alkali
ing accurately to 0.1 g shall be used. A more sensitive balance
carbonates, and dried before storing. They may be dried in a
may be used for weighing small fractions when they are
drying oven at 105 to 110°C. A properly cared for sieve will be
considered critical.
clean and free of patina. It will have a minimum of clogged
openings. The wire cloth will be taut in the frame and free of
6. Testing of Sieves and Sample Splitters
distortion. The solder joint will be firm. A loosened joint on an
6.1 Since standard matched sieves are specified for the
otherwise satisfactory sieve may be repaired by carefully
purpose of this test method, calibration as such by the tester is
resoldering with resin-core solder. Additional cleaning meth-
obviated. However, the tester must have a method to check the
ods are contained in ASTM STP 447B.
precision of the sieves. This shall be accomplished by having
available at least two sets of sieves: a reference set and a 8. Sampling
working set. The reference set shall consist of standard
8.1 General Considerations—Follow the principles of prob-
matched sieves and shall be reserved for testing the working
ability sampling as given in Practice E 105. To estimate the
set. The working set also may consist of standard matched
size (mass and number of increments) of the gross sample,
sieves or of sieves the tester has proven to be satisfactory (see
follow Practice E 122. The methods used for other necessary
6.2). The testing of the working sieves is necessary because 8
statistical calculations are given in ASTM STP 15D.
sieves will gradually change their characteristics after long
8.2 Sampling Plan—The sampling plan shall be such that
usage from clogging and wear. The working set should be
the sample obtained will represent as nearly as practicable the
tested after every 100 to 150 sieve analyses. The test shall be
average particle size distribution of the lot. Sampling bulk
made by sieving a suitable test sample through the working set
material and bagged material will each present a different
as directed in Section 10, and then sieving the same test sample
problem.
through the reference set. The results shall be calculated and
8.2.1 Some segregation or nonuniformity will always exist
compared. All testing sieves of the working set that give results
in a bulk lot of material. At rest, this nonuniformity can and
within 10 % of the reference set shall be considered satisfac-
probably will be multidirectional, with some layers of segre-
tory for use. (See Appendix X1 for an example of this test.)
gation in the lot that are nearly perpendicular to each other. The
6.2 A new unmatched sieve can be used if it is proven by
exact degree is never completely known. To obtain a represen-
testing that it will produce results within 5 % of a standard
tative cross section of the lot is difficult, if not impossible. In
matched sieve. To test an unmatched sieve, it should be
motion, however, some mixing occurs, and segregation will
substituted for the equivalent sieve in a standard matched set
tend to become unidirectional with layers of segregation
and a sieve analysis made with a sample previously sieved with
generally parallel to the direction of flow. Therefore, a sample
the complete matched set. If agreement is satisfactory, the new
increment taken by uniformly cutting across the flowing stream
unmatched sieve can be used as a working sieve.
is generally much more nearly representative than an increment
6.3 A sample splitter for reducing a gross sample should be
taken with the material at rest. An entire lot should be sampled
tested for reproducibility before it can be considered reliable. A
minimum test shall be to take three gross samples of materials,
weighing 45 kg (100 lb) or more, with different particle size
ASTM STP 447B, Manual on Test Sieving Methods, ASTM, 1985.
distribution, and obtain four laboratory-size samples of each by
ASTM STP 15D, Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis,
repeated splitting. The laboratory samples shall be riffled to test ASTM, 1986.
C 429
by taking a number of increments spaced at nearly equal 1.8 kg (2 to 4 lb) by use of a large riffle with 25-mm (1-in.)
intervals during the whole time of loading or unloading of the openings or by a sample splitter. If the material is too moist to
car or truck. To take frequent cuts (sample increments) of all of flow freely in a small riffle, it shall be dried before further
the stream part of the time reduces the danger of a biased handling (9.1.2). The laboratory sample shall be reduced to test
1 1
sample. Furthermore, when sampling a moving stream, the specimen size, using a riffle with 6.4 to 13-mm ( ⁄4 to ⁄2-in.)
requirement for randomness is more nearly met at the time and openings. It shall be divided until the fractional portion weighs
place of sampling since the chance of taking one grain instead approximately 100 to 150 g. This whole fraction constitutes the
of another is about equal. The total number of increments test specimen. An exception to the above weight for the test
required for a desired precision can be estimated statistically as specimen is burned dolomite. Because of its light density, the
in Practice E 122. Some simple device is required to sample the dolomite shall be riffled to a test size weighing 50 to 75 g. The
stream. This may consist of a box-type cutter for sampling the test specimen shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g before
stream discharging from the end of a belt or spout, or a scoop sieving.
for sampling the stream being transported on the belt. (See 9.1.1 When reduction of the gross sample or laboratory
Appendix X2 for illustrations of simple stream samplers.) For sample to test size by the means described in Section 8 is not
the purpose of this test method, a sampling plan that provides feasible, hand reduction by the cone and quarter method may
for sampling the moving stream is recommended. The sam- be used. The applicable portions of this method as described in
pling of a car or truckload lot of material at rest, by shovel, Method D 346 shall be followed.
scoop and cylinder, or thief is not recommended. 9.1.2 Most materials can be dried at 105 to 120°C. How-
8.2.2 In sampling bagged material, an added problem is ever, naturally hydrated materials such as gypsum, if dried,
presented—that of choosing which bags of the lot will be taken must not be heated above the critical temperature of the
for sampling and how the bags taken are to be sampled. A hydrate. Gypsum would best be dried in a stream of dry air or
suitable plan for taking bags for sampling would be to divide a desiccator.
the lot into sublots and then to take at random one bag from
10. Procedure for Mechanical Sieving
each sublot. This would afford a simple cross section of the lot
10.1 Assemble in order the selected sieves, which shall vary
and a random selection in each sublot. The number of sublots
in opening size by the ratio of 2:1 , with the coarsest on top
=
in which to divide the lot should be calculated using the same
and a pan on the bottom. Place the test specimen on the top
considerations as for estimating the number of increments to be
sieve, close the nest of sieves with a cover, and place the entire
taken when sampling bulk materia
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.