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ASTM D4053-98

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy

Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent benzene in full-range gasoline. It is applicable to concentrations from 0.1% to 5 volume %.
1.2 The values in SI units are regarded as the standard.
1.3 This test method has not been validated for gasolines containing oxygenates.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8 and 9.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-1998
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0F - Absorption Spectroscopic Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4053-98(2003) - Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy
Effective Date
01-Nov-2003

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ASTM D4053-98 - Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared SpectroscopyASTM D4053-98 - Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy
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ASTM D4053-98 - Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact
ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4053 – 98 An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared
1
Spectroscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
where
T 5 the transmittance as defined in 3.1.5.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent
3.1.3 radiant energy, n—energy transmitted as electromag-
benzene in full-range gasoline. It is applicable to concentra-
netic waves.
tions from 0.1 % to 5 volume %.
3.1.4 radiant power, P, n—the rate at which energy is
1.2 The values in SI units are regarded as the standard.
transported in a beam of radiant energy.
1.3 This test method has not been validated for gasolines
3.1.5 transmittance, T, n—the molecular property of a
containing oxygenates.
substance that determines its transportability of radiant power,
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
expressed by:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
T 5 P/P (2)
o
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
where:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
P 5 the radiant power passing through the sample, and
statements, see Section 8 and 9.1.
P 5 the radiant power incident upon the sample.
o
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 A sample of gasoline is examined by infrared spectros-
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
2 copy and, following a correction for interference, compared
Petroleum Products
3 with calibration blends of known benzene concentration. From
E 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
this comparison the amount of benzene in the gasoline is
E 932 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
3 determined.
of of Dispersive Infrared Spectrophotometers
E 1421 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
5. Significance and Use
of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometers:
5.1 Benzene is classed as a toxic material. A knowledge of
3
Level Zero and Level One Tests
the concentration of this compound may be an aid in evaluating
the possible health hazard to persons handling and using the
3. Terminology
gasoline. This test method is not intended to evaluate such
3.1 Definitions:
hazards.
3.1.1 Definitions of terms and symbols relating to absorp-
tion spectroscopy in this test method shall conform to Termi-
6. Interferences
nology E 131. Terms of particular significance are the follow-
6.1 Toluene and heavier aromatic compounds have some
ing:
interference in this test method. In order to minimize the effect
3.1.2 absorbance, A, n—the molecular property of a sub-
of such interference, this test method includes a procedure that
stance that determines its ability to take up radiant power,
corrects for the error caused by the presence of toluene. Error
expressed by:
due to other sources of interference may be partially compen-
A 5 log ~1/T!52log T (1)
10 10
sated for by calibrating with gasoline stocks containing little or
no benzene but which otherwise are similar in aromatic content
1
to the samples to be analyzed.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04 on Hydrocarbon Analysis.
7. Apparatus
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Originally
7.1 Absorption Cell, sealed. Windows of potassium bromide
published as D 4053 – 81. Last previous edition D 4053 – 95.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. or other material having sufficient transmittance out to 440
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE:¬This¬standard¬has¬either¬been¬superceded¬and¬replaced¬by¬a¬new¬version¬or¬discontinued.¬
Contact¬ASTM¬International¬(www.astm.org)¬for¬the¬latest¬information.¬
D 4053
−1 −1
cm (22.73 μm), in a cell having TFE-fluorocarbon plugs and about 500 cm from those found for benzene at about 673
−1
−1
nominal path length of 0.025 mm known to three significant cm and toluene at about 460 cm in order to obtain the net
numbers. absorbance for each. Take the ratio of the benzene band net
7.2 Clear Reference Block—A block made from the same absorbance to the toluene band net absorbance to obtain the
material as cel
...

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
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5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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1.2 Three test methods are included here that account for the special characteristics of different petroleum products and apply to the following distillation ranges:    
Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
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Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
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5.3 The presence of vanadium and nickel presents significant risks for contamination of the cracking catalysts in the refining process.  
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1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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    English language
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