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ASTM C1048-12

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass

Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass

ABSTRACT
This specification covers heat-treated flat glass - kind HS, kind FT coated and uncoated glass used in general building construction. Glass furnished under this specification shall be of the following conditions: condition A - uncoated surfaces, condition B - spandrel glass, one surface ceramic coated, and condition C - other coated glass. Flat glass furnished under this specification shall be of the following kinds: kind HS - heat-strengthened glass shall be flat glass, either transparent or patterned, in accordance with the applicable requirements, and kind FT - fully tempered glass shall be flat glass, either transparent or patterned in accordance with the applicable requirements. All fabrication, such as cutting to overall dimensions, edgework, drilled holes, notching, grinding, sandblasting, and etching, shall be performed before strengthening or tempering and shall be as specified. Requirements for fittings and hardware shall be as specified. In heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass, a strain pattern, which is not normally visible, may become visible under certain light conditions. The support system and the amount of glass deflection for a given set of wind-load conditions must be considered for design purposes. Heat-treated flat glass cannot be cut after tempering. Heat-treated glass can be furnished with holes, notches, cutouts, and bevels. The expansion fit and porosity of the ceramic coating shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. Specimens for evaluation of resistance to alkali and acid shall be prepared and tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for monolithic flat heat-strengthened and fully tempered coated and uncoated glass produced on a horizontal tempering system used in general building construction and other applications.
1.2 This specification does not address bent glass, or heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass manufactured on a vertical tempering system.
1.3 The dimensional values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 10, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Mar-2012
ICS
81.040.30 - Glass products
Technical Committee
C14 - Glass and Glass Products
Drafting Committee
C14.08 - Flat Glass
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1048-04 - Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Flat Glass—Kind HS, Kind FT Coated and Uncoated Glass
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Replaced By
ASTM C1048-12e1 - Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM E3120-19 - Standard Specification for Evaluating Accelerated Aging Performance of Environmentally Controlled Dynamic Glazings
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1900-20 - Standard Practice for Weathering and Evaluation of Laminated Glass
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1279-13(2019) - Standard Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1376-21a - Standard Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum Deposition Coatings on Flat Glass
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1464-21 - Standard Specification for Bent Glass
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM F782-19 - Standard Specification for Doors, Furniture, Marine
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM F3007-19 - Standard Test Method for Ball Drop Impact Resistance of Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1172-19 - Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1349-17 - Standard Specification for Architectural Flat Glass Clad Polycarbonate
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM F1882-15 - Standard Specification for Residential Basketball Systems
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1652/C1652M-21 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Distortion in Flat Glass Products Using Digital Photography of Grids
Effective Date
15-Mar-2012
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ASTM F2248-19 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass
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ASTM F3561-23 - Standard Test Method for Forced-Entry-Resistance of Fenestration Systems After Simulated Active Shooter Attack
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REDLINE ASTM C1048-12 - Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat GlassREDLINE ASTM C1048-12 - Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1048 −12
StandardSpecification for
1
Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope C1036Specification for Flat Glass
C1203TestMethodforQuantitativeDeterminationofAlkali
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for mono-
Resistance of a Ceramic-Glass Enamel
lithic flat heat-strengthened and fully tempered coated and
C1279Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Mea-
uncoated glass produced on a horizontal tempering system
surement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed,
used in general building construction and other applications.
Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
1.2 This specification does not address bent glass, or heat-
C1376Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum Deposition
strengthened or fully tempered glass manufactured on a verti-
Coatings on Flat Glass
cal tempering system.
E1300PracticeforDeterminingLoadResistanceofGlassin
Buildings
1.3 The dimensional values stated in SI units are to be
regardedasthestandard.Theunitsgiveninparenthesesarefor 2.2 ANSI Standard:
Z97.1Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of
information only.
4
Test for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
2.3 Other Documents:
test method portion, Section 10, of this specification: This
CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Safety Standard for Architectural
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
5
Glazing Materials
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
3. Terminology
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
tions prior to use.
specification, refer to Terminology C162 and Specification
C1036.
2. Referenced Documents
2 3
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1 ASTM Standards: ,
3.2.1 bow, n—the deviation in flatness of a lite of glass,
C162Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
expressed over the entire width or length dimension of the
C346Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic
glass or over a smaller, local area (see 10.7 for measurement
Materials
technique). Also known as warp.
C724Test Method for Acid Resistance of Ceramic Decora-
tions on Architectural-Type Glass 3.2.2 heat-treated glass, n—a term used to reference both
heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass.
C978Test Method for Photoelastic Determination of Re-
sidual Stress in a Transparent Glass Matrix Using a
3.2.3 heat-treating, v—the process of heating and cooling
Polarizing Microscope and Optical Retardation Compen-
annealed glass in a tempering system to produce either
sation Procedures
heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass.
3.2.4 thermal stress, n—edge stress caused by thermal
gradients across the glass surface.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C14 on Glass
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.08 on Flat
4. Classification
Glass.
Current edition approved March 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally
4.1 Kinds—Flat glass furnished under this specification
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1048–04. DOI:
shall be of the following kinds, as specified (see Section 6):
10.1520/C1048-12.
2
Reference to these documents shall be the latest issue unless otherwise
4
specified by the authority applying this specification. Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Floor, NewYork, NY10036, and theAccredited Standards Committee Z97 website
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM in electronic format at www.ansiz97.com.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
the ASTM website. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1048−12
4.1.1 Kind HS—Heat-strengthened glass shall be flat glass, 6.1.3 Fabrication requirements (see 7.1).
either transparent or patterned, in accordance with the appli- 6.1.4 Requirements for fittings and hardware (see 7.2).
cablerequirementsofSpecificationC1036asfurtherprocess
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1048–04 Designation: C1048 – 12
Standard Specification for
Heat-Treated Flat Glass—Kind HS, Kind FT Coated and
Uncoated GlassHeat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat
1
Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1This specification covers the requirements for flat heat-strengthened and flat fully tempered coated and uncoated glass used
in general building construction.
1.2ThedimensionalvaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Theunitsgiveninparenthesesareforinformation
only.
1.3
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for monolithic flat heat-strengthened and fully tempered coated and uncoated
glass produced on a horizontal tempering system used in general building construction and other applications.
1.2 This specification does not address bent glass, or heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass manufactured on a vertical
tempering system.
1.3 The dimensional values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are for
information only.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 1110, of this specification: This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2 3
2.1 ASTM Standards: ,
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic Materials
C724 Test Method for Acid Resistance of Ceramic Decorations on Architectural-Type Glass
C978 Test Method for Photoelastic Determination of Residual Stress in a Transparent Glass Matrix Using a Polarizing
Microscope and Optical Retardation Compensation Procedures
C1036 Specification for Flat Glass
C1203 Test Method for Quantitative Determination of Alkali Resistance of a Ceramic-Glass Enamel
C1279 Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-
Strengthened,andFullyTemperedFlatGlassTestMethodforNon-DestructivePhotoelasticMeasurementofEdgeandSurface
Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
C1376 Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum Deposition Coatings on Flat Glass
E1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
2.2 ANSI Standard:
4
Z97.1 Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings
1
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC14onGlassandGlassProductsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC14.08onFlatGlass.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published March 2004. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C1048–97b. DOI:
10.1520/C1048-04.
Current edition approved March 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1048–04. DOI:
10.1520/C1048-12.
2
Reference to these documents shall be the latest issue unless otherwise specified by the authority applying this specification.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1048 – 12
2.3 Other Documents:
5
CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions: For—For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology C162 and Specification
C1036.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 bow, n—thedeviationinflatnessofaliteofglass,expressedovertheentirewidthorlengthdimensionoftheglassorover
a smaller, local area (see 10.7 for measurement technique). Also known as warp.
3.2.2 heat-treated
...

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ASTM C1648-12(2023)(Guide)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Measurement—The refractive index at any wavelength of a piece of homogeneous glass is a function, primarily, of its composition, and secondarily, of its state of annealing. The index of a glass can be altered over a range of up to 1×10-4 (that is, 1 in the fourth decimal place) by the changing of an annealing schedule. This is a critical consideration for optical glasses, that is, glasses intended for use in high performance optical instruments where the required value of an index can be as exact as 1×10-6. Compensation for minor variations of composition are made by controlled rates of annealing for such optical glasses; therefore, the ability to measure index to six decimal places can be a necessity; however, for most commercial and experimental glasses, standard annealing schedules appropriate to each are used to limit internal stress and less rigorous methods of test for refractive index are usually adequate. The refractive indices of glass ophthalmic lens pressings are held to 5×10-4 because the tools used for generating the figures of ophthalmic lenses are made to produce curvatures that are related to specific indices of refraction of the lens materials.  
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1.1 This guide identifies and describes seven test methods for measuring the index of refraction of glass, with comments relevant to their uses such that an appropriate choice of method can be made. Four additional methods are mentioned by name, and brief descriptive information is given in Annex A1. The choice of a test method will depend upon the accuracy required, the nature of the test specimen that can be provided, the instrumentation available, and (perhaps) the time required for, or the cost of, the analysis. Refractive index is a function of the wavelength of light; therefore, its measurement is made with narrow-bandwidth light. Dispersion is the physical phenomenon of the variation of refractive index with wavelength. The nature of the test-specimen refers to its size, form, and quality of finish, as described in each of the methods herein. The test methods described are mostly for the visible range of wavelengths (approximately 400 μm to 780 μm); however, some methods can be extended to the ultraviolet and near infrared, using radiation detectors other than the human eye.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Note 1: Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape without an energy loss. Glass and glass-ceramic materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
Note 2: Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all directions in the material. Glass is isotropic and glass-ceramics are usually so on a macroscopic scale, because of random distribution and orientation of crystallites.  
1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of temperature from –195 to 1200 °C.  
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices...

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ASTM
ASTM C149-14(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Shock Resistance of Glass Containers

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the relative thermal shock resistance of commercial bottles and jars and is intended to apply to all types of glass containers that are required to withstand sudden changes in temperature in service. The test apparatus consists essentially of a basket for holding the glassware upright, a hot water tank, a cold water tank, and a timed means for immersing and transferring the basket from the hot to the cold bath. Indicating controllers or dial thermometers should be used to maintain the temperatures of the baths. Test procedures included in this specification include pass tests, progressive tests to a predetermined percent of breakage, total progressive tests, and high-level tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative resistance of commercial glass containers (bottles and jars) to thermal shock and is intended to apply to all types of glass containers that are required to withstand sudden temperature changes (thermal shock) in service such as in washing, pasteurization, or hot pack processes, or in being transferred from a warm to a colder medium or vice versa.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C693-93(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density of Glass by Buoyancy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Density as a fundamental property of glass has basic significance. It is useful in the physical description of the glass and as essential data for research, development, engineering, and production.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of glasses at or near 25 °C, by buoyancy.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1048-18(Specification)
Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass

ABSTRACT
This specification covers heat-treated flat glass - kind HS, kind FT coated and uncoated glass used in general building construction. Glass furnished under this specification shall be of the following conditions: condition A - uncoated surfaces, condition B - spandrel glass, one surface ceramic coated, and condition C - other coated glass. Flat glass furnished under this specification shall be of the following kinds: kind HS - heat-strengthened glass shall be flat glass, either transparent or patterned, in accordance with the applicable requirements, and kind FT - fully tempered glass shall be flat glass, either transparent or patterned in accordance with the applicable requirements. All fabrication, such as cutting to overall dimensions, edgework, drilled holes, notching, grinding, sandblasting, and etching, shall be performed before strengthening or tempering and shall be as specified. Requirements for fittings and hardware shall be as specified. In heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass, a strain pattern, which is not normally visible, may become visible under certain light conditions. The support system and the amount of glass deflection for a given set of wind-load conditions must be considered for design purposes. Heat-treated flat glass cannot be cut after tempering. Heat-treated glass can be furnished with holes, notches, cutouts, and bevels. The expansion fit and porosity of the ceramic coating shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. Specimens for evaluation of resistance to alkali and acid shall be prepared and tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for monolithic flat heat-strengthened and fully tempered coated and uncoated glass produced on a horizontal tempering system used in general building construction and other applications.  
1.2 This specification does not address bent glass, or heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass manufactured on a vertical tempering system.  
1.3 The dimensional values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 10, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2813-18(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Glass Used as a Horizontal Surface in Desks and Tables

ABSTRACT
This specification covers performance requirements to ensure the use of safety glass when employed as an unenclosed horizontal surface under 44 in. (1118 mm) in height in a desk or table. It is intended to minimize the likelihood of serious cutting and piercing injuries that may occur due to the breakage of glass used as a horizontal surface in desks and dining, coffee, end, display, mobile, outdoor, and other types of tables. Glass shall be laminated safety glass or tempered safety glass that complies with the following: performance criteria of ANSI Z97.1-2009 and the use of monolithic annealed, monolithic chemically strengthened or monolithic wired glass shall not be permitted with the exception of glass fully-supported by and bonded to a non-glass material and glass surfaces incorporating or constituting display screens.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers performance requirements of glass used as an unenclosed horizontal surface under 44 in. (1118 mm) in height in a desk or table.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods referenced in this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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