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ASTM E275-01

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers

Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of his instrument, as he is using it in a specific spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instruments used in developing the method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance especially for ASTM methods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method. The tests give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured.
1.1.1 This practice is not to be used (1) as a rigorous test of performance of instrumentation, or (2) to intercompare the quantitative performance of instruments of different design.
1.1.2 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Feb-2001
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E13 - Molecular Spectroscopy and Separation Science
Drafting Committee
E13.01 - Ultra-Violet, Visible, and Luminescence Spectroscopy
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E275-93 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Replaced By
ASTM E275-08 - Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6953-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Antioxidants and Erucamide Slip Additives in Polyethylene Using Liquid Chromatography (LC)
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D1840-22 - Standard Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2914-15(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5412-93(2017)e1 - Standard Test Method for Quantification of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures or Petroleum Oils in Water
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4282-15(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Free Cyanide in Water and Wastewater by Microdiffusion
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E387-04(2022) - Standard Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power Ratio of Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the Opaque Filter Method
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E169-16(2022) - Standard Practices for General Techniques of Ultraviolet-Visible Quantitative Analysis
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1341-16(2020) - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectroradiometric Data from Radiant Sources for Colorimetry
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM ISO/ASTM51401-13 - Standard Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D1426-15(2021)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In Water
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1866-97(2021) - Standard Guide for Establishing Spectrophotometer Performance Tests
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D3867-16(2021)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in Water
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001

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ASTM E275-01 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared SpectrophotometersASTM E275-01 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
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ASTM E275-01 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E275–01
Standard Practice for
Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet,
1
Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
In developing a spectrophotometric method it is the responsibility of the originator to describe the
instrumentation and the performance required to duplicate the precision and accuracy of the method.
It is necessary to specify this performance in terms that may be used by others in applications of the
method.
The tests and measurements described in this practice are for the purpose of determining the
experimental conditions required for a particular analytical method. In using this practice an analyst
has either a particular analysis for which he describes requirements for instrument performance, or he
expects to test the capability of an instrument to perform a particular analysis. To accomplish either
of these objectives it is necessary that instrument performance be obtained in terms of the factors that
control the analysis. Unfortunately, it is true that not all the factors that can affect the results of an
analysis are readily measured and easily specified for the various types of spectrophotometric
equipment.
Of the many factors that control analytical results, this practice covers selection of the setting of
analytical wavelength, selection of slit width, photometric measurements, and characteristics of
absorption cells as the parameters of spectrophotometry that are likely to be affected by the analyst in
obtaining data. Other important factors, particularly those primarily dependent on instrument design,
are not covered in this practice.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
spectrophotometric performance especially for ASTM meth- E 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
ods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for E 168 Practices for General Techniques of Infrared Quanti-
2
aspecific method.Thetestsgiveameasurementofsomeofthe tative Analysis
important parameters controlling results obtained in spectro- E 169 Practices for General Techniques of Ultraviolet-
2
photometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded Visible Quantitative Analysis
that all the factors in instrument performance are measured. E 387 Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power
2
1.1.1 This practice is not to be used ( 1) as a rigorous test of RatioofSpectrophotometersbytheOpaqueFilterMethod
performance of instrumentation, or (2) to intercompare the E 958 Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidth
2
quantitative performance of instruments of different design. of Ultraviolet—Visable Spectrophotometers
1.1.2 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spec-
3. Terminology
trophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather
3.1 Definitions:
than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse
reflection. 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
Terminology E 131.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E13 on Molecular
SpectroscopyandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE13.01onUltraviolet
and Visible Spectroscopy.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2001. Published April 2001. Originally
2
published as E 275 – 65 T. Last previous edition E 275 – 93. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E275–01
4. Significance and Use recommendations. Tests shall then be made to determine the
performance of an instrument in terms of each of the param-
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general
eters in 6.1 and 6.2.
performance of his instrument, as he is using it in a specific
spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instru-
7. Instrument Operation
ments used in developing the method.
7.1 In obtaining spectrophotometric data, the analyst must
5. Reference to This Practice in Standards
select the proper instrumental operating conditions in order to
realize satisfactory instrument performance. Operating condi-
5.1 Reference to this practice in any ASTM spectrophoto-
tions for individual instruments are best obtained from the
metric method (preferably in the section on apparatus where
manufacturer’s literature be
...

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4.1 Generally, Raman spectra measured using grating-based dispersive or Fourier transform Raman spectrometers have not been corrected for the instrumental response (spectral responsivity of the detection system). Raman spectra obtained with different instruments may show significant variations in the measured relative peak intensities of a sample compound. This is mainly as a result of differences in their wavelength-dependent optical transmission and detector efficiencies. These variations can be particularly large when widely different laser excitation wavelengths are used, but can occur when the same laser excitation is used and spectra of the same compound are compared between instruments. This is illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows the uncorrected luminescence spectrum of SRM 2241, acquired upon four different commercially available Raman spectrometers operating with 785 nm laser excitation. Instrumental response variations can also occur on the same instrument after a component change or service work has been performed. Each spectrometer, due to its unique combination of filters, grating, collection optics and detector response, has a very unique spectral response. The spectrometer dependent spectral response will of course also affect the shape of Raman spectra acquired upon these systems. The shape of this response is not to be construed as either “good or bad” but is the result of design considerations by the spectrometer manufacturer. For instance, as shown in Fig. 1, spectral coverage can vary considerably between spectrometer systems. This is typically a deliberate tradeoff in spectrometer design, where spectral coverage is sacrificed for enhanced spectral resolution.
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ABSTRACT
This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. The method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. Atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm are used in the method. The difference between the apparent wavelength and the known wavelength for a series of atomic emission lines is used as a test for wavelength accuracy. The apparent width of some of these lines is used as a test for spectral bandwidth.
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers Raman shift values for common liquid and solid chemicals that can be used for wavenumber calibration of Raman spectrometers. The guide does not include procedures for calibrating Raman instruments. Instead, this guide provides reliable Raman shift values that can be used as a complement to low-pressure arc lamp emission lines which have been established with a high degree of accuracy and precision.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the performance of an instrument to the manufacturer's supplied performance specifications and to verify its suitability for continued routine use. It also provides generation of calibration monitoring data on a periodic basis, forming a base from which any changes in the performance of the instrument will be evident.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the parameters of spectrophotometric performance that are critical for testing the adequacy of instrumentation for most routine tests and methods2 within the wavelength range of 200 nm to 700 nm and the absorbance range of 0 to 2. The recommended tests provide a measurement of the important parameters controlling results in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be inferred that all factors in instrument performance are measured.  
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1.3 This practice should be performed on a periodic basis, the frequency of which depends on the physical environment within which the instrumentation is used. Thus, units handled roughly or used under adverse conditions (exposed to dust, chemical vapors, vibrations, or combinations thereof) should be tested more frequently than those not exposed to such conditions. This practice should also be performed after any significant repairs are made on a unit, such as those involving the optics, detector, or radiant energy source.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument, as it is being used in a specific spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instruments used in developing the method.
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4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument on any given day with the prior performance of an instrument. This practice is not necessarily meant for comparison of different instruments with each other even if the instruments are of the same type and model. This practice is not meant for comparison of the performance of one instrument operated under differing conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes two levels of tests to measure the performance of laboratory Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectrometers equipped with a standard sample holder used for transmission measurements.  
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1.2.4 Performance tests for dispersive MIR instruments are described in Practice E932.  
1.2.5 For FT-IR spectrometers run in a step scan mode, variations on this practice and information provided by the instrument vendor should be used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These practices should be used by a person who develops an analytical method to ensure that the spectral bandwidths cited in the practice are actually the ones used.
Note 2: The method developer should establish the spectral bandwidths that can be used to obtain satisfactory results.  
4.2 These practices should be used to determine whether a spectral bandwidth specified in a method can be realized with a given spectrophotometer and thus whether the instrument is suitable for use in this application. If accurate absorbance measurements are to be made on compounds with sharp absorption bands (natural half band widths of less than 15 nm) the spectral bandwidth of the spectrometer used should be better than 1/8th of the natural half band width of the compound’s absorption.  
4.3 These practices allow the user of a spectrophotometer to estimate the actual spectral bandwidth of the instrument under a given set of conditions and to compare the result to the spectral bandwidth calculated from data given in the manufacturer's literature or indicated by the instrument.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for estimating the spectral bandwidth of a spectrophotometer in the wavelength region of 185 nm to 820 nm.  
1.2 These practices are applicable to all modern spectrophotometer designs utilizing computer control and data handling. This includes conventional optical designs, where the sample is irradiated by monochromatic light, and ‘reverse’ optic designs coupled to photodiode arrays, where the light is separated by a polychromator after passing through the sample. For spectrophotometers that utilize servo-operated slits and maintain a constant period and a constant signal-to-noise ratio as the wavelength is automatically scanned, and/or utilize fixed slits and maintain a constant servo loop gain by automatically varying gain or dynode voltage, refer to the procedure described in Annex A1. This procedure is identical to that described in earlier versions of this practice.  
1.3 This practice does not cover the measurement of limiting spectral bandwidth, defined as the minimum spectral bandwidth achievable under optimum experimental conditions.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1982-98(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP/FT-IR) Monitoring of Gases and Vapors in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An OP/FT-IR monitor can, in principle, measure the concentrations of all IR-active gases and vapors in the atmosphere. Detailed descriptions of OP/FT-IR systems and the fundamental aspects of their operation are given in Practice E1685 and the FT-IR Open-Path Monitoring Guidance Document. A method for processing OP/FT-IR data to obtain the concentrations of gases over a long, open path is given in Compendium Method TO-16. Applications of OP/FT-IR systems include monitoring for gases and vapors in ambient air, along the perimeter of an industrial facility, at hazardous waste sites and landfills, in response to accidental chemical spills or releases, and in workplace environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for using active open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP/FT-IR) monitors to measure the concentrations of gases and vapors in air. Procedures for choosing the instrumental parameters, initially operating the instrument, addressing logistical concerns, making ancillary measurements, selecting the monitoring path, acquiring data, analyzing the data, and performing quality control on the data are given. Because the logistics and data quality objectives of each OP/FT-IR monitoring program will be unique, standardized procedures for measuring the concentrations of specific gases are not explicitly set forth in this practice. Instead, general procedures that are applicable to all IR-active gases and vapors are described. These procedures can be used to develop standard operating procedures for specific OP/FT-IR monitoring applications.  
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ASTM E578-07(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linearity of Fluorescence Measuring Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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3.2 This test method is not meant for comparing the performance of different fluorescence measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the limits of the linearity of response with fluorescence intensity of fluorescence-measuring systems under operating conditions. Particular attention is given to slit widths, filters, and sample containers. This test method can be used to test the overall linearity under a wide variety of instrumental and sampling conditions. The results obtained apply only to the tested combination of slit width and filters, and the size, type and illumination of the sample cuvette, all of which must be stated in the report. The sources of nonlinearity may be the measuring electronics, excessive absorption of either the exciting or emitted radiation, or both, and the sample handling technique, particularly at low concentrations.  
1.2 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing continuous and low-energy excitation sources (for example, an excitation source of 450 W electrical input or less). There is no assurance that extremely intense illumination will not cause photodecomposition of the compounds suggested in this test method.2 For this reason it is recommended that this test method not be indiscriminately employed with high-intensity light sources. It is not a test method to determine the linearity of response of other materials. If this test method is extended to employ other chemical substances, the principles within can be applied, but new material parameters, such as the concentration range of linearity, must be established. The user should be aware of the possibility that these other substances may undergo decomposition, or adsorption onto containers.  
1.3 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing a single detector, that is, a photomultiplier tube or a single photodiode. It has not been demonstrated if this method is effective for photo-array instruments such as those using a CCD or a diode array detector.  
1.4 This test method is applicable to 10 mm pathlength cuvette formats and instruments covering a wavelength range within 190 nm to 900 nm. The use of other sample formats has not been established with this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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