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ASTM D5443-04(2009)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Paraffin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Type Analysis in Petroleum Distillates Through 200°C by Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Standard Test Method for Paraffin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Type Analysis in Petroleum Distillates Through 200°C by Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A knowledge of the composition of hydrocarbon refinery streams is useful for process control and quality assurance.
Aromatics in gasoline are soon to be limited by federal mandate. This test method can be used to provide such information.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics by carbon number in low olefinic hydrocarbon streams having final boiling points of 200°C or less. Hydrocarbons with boiling points greater than 200°C and less than 270°C are reported as a single group. Olefins, if present, are hydrogenated and the resultant saturates are included in the paraffin and naphthene distribution. Aromatics boiling at C9 and above are reported as a single aromatic group.
1.2 This test method is not intended to determine individual components except for benzene and toluene that are the only C6 and C7 aromatics, respectively, and cyclopentane, that is the only C5 naphthene. The lower limit of detection for a single hydrocarbon component or group is 0.05 mass %.
1.3 This test method is applicable to hydrocarbon mixtures including virgin, catalytically converted, thermally converted, alkylated and blended naphthas.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2009
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0L - Gas Chromatography Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D5443-04(2009)e1 - Standard Test Method for Paraffin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Type Analysis in Petroleum Distillates Through 200°C by Multi-Dimensional Gas ChromatographyASTM D5443-04(2009)e1 - Standard Test Method for Paraffin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Type Analysis in Petroleum Distillates Through 200°C by Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography
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ASTM D5443-04(2009)e1 - Standard Test Method for Paraffin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Type Analysis in Petroleum Distillates Through 200°C by Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D5443 − 04(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Paraffin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Type
Analysis in Petroleum Distillates Through 200°C by Multi-
Dimensional Gas Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5443; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Updated vendor and product footnotes editorially in December 2009.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of paraffins,
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
naphthenes, and aromatics by carbon number in low olefinic
Petroleum Products
hydrocarbon streams having final boiling points of 200°C or
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as
less. Hydrocarbons with boiling points greater than 200°C and
Analytical Standards
less than 270°C are reported as a single group. Olefins, if
present, are hydrogenated and the resultant saturates are
3. Summary of Test Method
included in the paraffin and naphthene distribution. Aromatics
3.1 A representative sample is introduced into a gas chro-
boilingatC andabovearereportedasasinglearomaticgroup.
matographicsystemcontainingaseriesofcolumnsandswitch-
1.2 This test method is not intended to determine individual
ing valves. As the sample passes through a polar column, the
components except for benzene and toluene that are the only
polar aromatic compounds, bi-naphthenes, and high boiling
C andC aromatics,respectively,andcyclopentane,thatisthe
(>200°C) paraffins and naphthenes are retained. The fraction
6 7
only C naphthene. The lower limit of detection for a single
not retained elutes to a platinum column, that hydrogenates
hydrocarbon component or group is 0.05 mass %.
olefins,ifpresent,inthisfraction,andthentoamolecularsieve
column which performs a carbon number separation based on
1.3 This test method is applicable to hydrocarbon mixtures
molecular structure, that is, naphthenes and paraffins. The
including virgin, catalytically converted, thermally converted,
fraction remaining on the polar column is further divided into
alkylated and blended naphthas.
three separate fractions that are then separated on a non-polar
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
column by boiling point. Eluting compounds are detected by a
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
flame ionization detector.
standard.
3.2 The mass concentration of each group is determined by
the multiplication of detected peak areas by flame ionization
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
detector response factors and normalization to 100 %.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 A knowledge of the composition of hydrocarbon refin-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
ery streams is useful for process control and quality assurance.
tionary statements are given in Section 7 and Table 1.
4.2 Aromatics in gasoline are soon to be limited by federal
mandate. This test method can be used to provide such
information.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5443–04. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D5443-04R09E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D5443 − 04 (2009)
TABLE 1 Hydrocarbon Test Mixture
6.2 Sample Introduction System—Manual or automatic liq-
Hydrocarbons Warning uid sample system operated in a splitless mode. Although this
Cyclopentane (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.) test method is intended primarily for use with syringe sample
Pentane (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
injection, automatic sampling valves have also been found
Cyclohexane (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
satisfactory. Devices capable of a reproducible injection vol-
2,3-Dimethylbutane (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
Hexane (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.) ume of 0.1 to 0.5 µL are suitable. The sample introduction
1-Hexene (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
system must be capable of heating the sample to a temperature
Methylcyclohexane (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
that ensures total sample vaporization. A temperature range of
4-Methyl-1-hexene (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
Heptane (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.) 120 to 180°C has been found suitable.
1,cis-2-Dimethylcyclohexane (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if
6.3 Electronic Data Acquisition System—The data acquisi-
inhaled.)
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (iso-octane) (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
tion and integration device used for detection and integration
Octane (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
must meet or exceed the following specifications:
1,cis-2,cis-4-Trimethylcyclohexane (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
6.3.1 Capacity for at least 75 peaks for each analysis,
Nonane (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
Decane (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
6.3.2 Normalized area percent calculation,
Undecane (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
6.3.3 Noise and spike rejection capability,
Dodecane (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
6.3.4 Sampling rates for fast (<2 s) peaks,
Benzene (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
Methylbenzene (Toluene) (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
6.3.5 Peak width detection for narrow and broad peaks, and
trans-Decahydronaphthalene (Decalin) (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if in-
6.3.6 Perpendicular drop and tangent skimming as required.
haled.)
Tetradecane (Warning—Harmful if inhaled.)
6.4 Independent Temperature Control—This test method
Ethylbenzene (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
requires the temperature control of five columns, column
1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if
inhaled.)
switching valves and sample lines. The columns consist of
Propylbenzene (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
polar, non-polar, Tenax , platinum, and molecular sieve col-
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
umns. The specifications for these columns are listed in Table
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Warning—Extremely Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene (Warning—Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.)
2. The polar column, non-polar column, column switching
Pentamethylbenzene (Warning—Harmful if inhaled.)
valves, and sample lines require isothermal operation at a
temperature equivalent to the temperature of the gas chromato-
graph oven. These components may be located in the gas
5. Interferences
chromatograph oven. The Tenax column, platinum column,
5.1 Chemicals of a non-hydrocarbon composition may elute
and molecular sieve column require operation at temperatures
within the hydrocarbon groups, depending on their polarity,
other than the gas chromatograph oven temperature. These
boiling point, and molecular size. Included in this group are
columns may be temperature controlled by any means that will
ethers (for example, methyl-tertiary butyl ether) and alcohols
meet the following specifications:
(for example, ethanol).
6.4.1 Ability to control the temperature of the Tenax
column within a range from 60 to 280°C, with a tolerance of
6. Apparatus
65°C at any point. The time required to heat this column
6.1 Chromatograph—A gas chromatograph capable of iso-
between any two points must be no more than 1 min. The time
thermal operation at 130 6 0.1°C. The gas chromatograph
required to cool this column between any two points must be
must contain the following:
no more than 5 min,
6.1.1 A heated flash vaporization sample inlet system ca-
6.4.2 Ability to control the temperature of the molecular
pable of operation in a splitless mode.
sieve column within a range from 100 and 490°C, with a
6.1.2 Associated gas controls with adequate precision to
tolerance of 610°C at any point.The time required to heat this
provide reproducible flows and pressures.
column between any two points must be no more than 10 min.
6.1.3 Aflame ionization detection system optimized for use
The time required to cool this column from 450 to 100°C must
with packed columns and capable of the following:
be no more than 15 min, and
Isothermal temperature operation 150 to 170°C
6.4.3 Ability to control the platinum column within a
Sensitivity >0.015 coulombs/g
−12 temperature range of 170 and 350°C. During routine analysis,
Minimum detectability 5 × 10 g carbon/second
this column is operated within a temperature range of 170 to
Linearity >10
220°C.
Some instruments will produce a non-linear response for
benzene, above approximately 5.5 mass %, and for toluene
7. Materials
above approximately 15 mass %. The linearity of these
7.1 Carrier Gases—For carrier gases, it is recommended to
components above these concentrations must be verified with
install commercial active oxygen scrubbers and water dryers,
appropriate blends. Where non-linearity has been shown to
suchasmolecularsieves,aheadoftheinstrumenttoprotectthe
exist,samples,thatcontainnohigherthanC ,canbeanalyzed
system’s chromatographic columns. Follow supplier instruc-
if the sample is diluted with n-C and the instrument is
tions in the use of such gas purifiers and replace as necessary.
equipped with a prefractionating column.The sample may also
be diluted with a component that is not present in the sample
and this component will then not be included in the normalized
Tenax is a registered trademark ofAKZO, Velperiveg 76, P.O. Box 9300, 6800
report. SB Arnhem, The Netherlands.
´1
D5443 − 04 (2009)
TABLE 2 Typical Column Specifications
Column Type
Specification
Polar Non-Polar Tenax Molsieve Platinum
Column length, m 3 4 0.16 to 0.18 1.8 0.002 to 0.06
Column inside diameter, mm 2.0 to 2.1 1.8 to 2.0 2.5 1.6 to 2.0 1.6
A A
Liquid phase OV-275 OV-101 . . .
Percent liquid phase 30 4–5 . . .
B B
Support material Chromasorb Chromasorb . . .
PAW WAW . . .
3 C ,D
Packing material . . Tenax Molecular sieve 13X .
Mesh size 60/80 80/100 80/100 . .
A
OV- 101 and OV-275 are registered trademarks of Ohio Valley Specialty Chemical Co., 115 Industry Rd., Marietta, OH 45750.
B
Chromasorb is a registered trademark of World Minerals, Corp., Santa Barbara, CA.
C
Sodium form of molecular sieve 13X.
D
May also contain a mix of molecular sieves 13X and 5A to separate normal and iso-paraffins.
7.1.1 Hydrogen, 99.995 % minimum purity, <0.1 ppm H O. 7.5.4 Care must be taken to prevent the introduction of any
(Warning—Extremely flammable gas under high pressure.) formofforeignmaterialorcontaminantintothevalvethatmay
7.1.2 Helium, 99.995 % minimum purity, <0.1 ppm H O.
adversely affect its performance.
(Warning—Compressed gas under high pressure.)
7.6 Hydrocarbon Test Mixture—A quantitative synthetic
7.2 Detector Gases:
mixture of pure hydrocarbons, an example of which is identi-
7.2.1 Hydrogen, 99.99 % minimum purity. (Warning—
fied in Table 1, is used to tune the instrument analysis
Extremely flammable gas under high pressure.)
conditions and establish that the instrument is performing
7.2.2 Air, less than 10 ppm each of total hydrocarbons and
within specifications. Individual hydrocarbon components, in
water. (Warning—Compressed gas under high pressure.)
addition to those listed in Table 1, may be used to aid in the
7.3 Valve Actuation Gas—This test method permits the use
analysis. The concentration level of each component in the
of any type of valve switching or valve actuation. When
hydrocarbon test mixture is not critical as long as the concen-
pneumatic valves are used, air of any grade that will result in
tration is accurately known. Percentage ranges from 1.0 to 6.0
no water condensation or will not introduce oil or other
mass % have been found suitable. Impurities in the individual
contaminates in the switching valves may be used. Air from a
components may have an adverse effect on the quantitative
piston operated compressor equipped with a water and oil
aspect of the analysis. If an impurity is of the same carbon
separator has been found suitable. Column switching valves
number and basic molecular structure as the main component
that do not require air to operate do not have this air
itself, it will be correctly grouped and quantitated within the
requirement.
group. As an example, isobutylcyclopentane and isopropylcy-
7.4 Columns—Five columns, as described in Table 2. These
clohexane will both be determined as C naphthenes. Each of
column specifications are to be considered as guidelines and
the individual hydrocarbon components used for this test
have been found to be acceptable. Other materials or combi-
mixture must have a minimum purity level of 99 mol %. Refer
nations of materials may also provide acceptable performance.
to Practice D4307 for instructions on the preparation of liquid
The suitability of each column is determined by test criteria as
blends for use as analytical standards.
defined in Section 8.
7.7 Gas Flows and Pressures:
NOTE 1—It is not the intention of this test method to include detailed
7.7.1 Carrier Gases:
column preparation steps. Columns may be prepared in any way that
follows accepted safety practices and results in columns that will meet the
7.7.1.1 The helium carrier gas through the injection port,
performance requirements of Section 9.
polar column, platinum column and molecular sieve column is
7.5 Valves—This test method uses valves for column
flow controlled. Flow rates of 16 to 23 mL/min have been
switching and flow switching. Any commercially available
found suitable. A helium supply pressure of 620 kDa (90 psi)
valves may be used that are intended for, or adapted for use in
has been found suitable to meet the helium flow requi
...

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5.3 The between methods reproducibility established by this practice can be used to construct an interval around  Y^ that would contain the result of test method Y, if it were conducted, with approximately 95 % probability.  
5.4 This practice can be used to guide commercial agreements and product disposition decisions involving test methods that have been evaluated relative to each other in accordance with this practice.  
5.5 The magnitude of a statistically detectable bias is directly related to the uncertainties of the statistics from the experimental study. These uncertainties are related to both the size of the data set and the precision of the processes being studied. A large data set, or, highly precise test method(s), or both, can reduce the uncertainties of experimental statistics to the point where the “statistically detectable” bias can become “trivially small,” or be considered of no practical consequence in the intended use of the test method under study. Therefore, users of this practice are advised to determine in advance as to the magnitude of bias correction below which they would consider it to be unnecessary, or, of no practical concern for the intended application prior to execution of this practice.
Note 6: It should be noted that the determination of this minimum bias of no practical concern is not a statistical decision, but rather, a subjective decision that is directly dependent on the application requirements of the users.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two different standard test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for the purpose of deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. It is intended for use with results obtained from interlaboratory studies meeting the requirement of Practice D6300 or equivalent (for example, ISO 4259). The interlaboratory studies shall be conducted on at least ten materials in common that among them span the intersecting scopes of the test methods, and results shall be obtained from at least six laboratories using each method. Requirements in this practice shall be met in order for the assessment to be considered suitable for publication in either method, if such publication includes claim to have been carried out in compliance with this practice. Any such publication shall include mandatory information regarding certain details of the assessment outcome as specified in the Report section of this practice.  
1.2 The statistical methodology is based on the premise that a bias correction will not be needed. In the absence of strong statistical evidence that a bias correction would result in better agreement between the two methods, a bias correction is not made. If a bias correction is required, then the parsimony principle is followed whereby a simple correction is to be favored over a more complex one.
Note 1: Failure to adhere to the parsimony principle generally results in models that are over-fitted and do not perform well in practice.  
1.3 The bias corrections of this practice are limited to a constant correction, proportional correction, or a linear (proportional + constant) correction.  
1.4 The bias-correction methods of this practice are method symmetric, in the sense that equivalent corrections are obtained regardless of which method is bias-corrected to match the othe...

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ASTM
ASTM D6749-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Air Pressure Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Flow characteristics, like pour point, can be critical for the correct operation of lubricating systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations.  
5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the pour point.  
5.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 1 °C or 3 °C intervals.  
5.4 This test method yields a pour point in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP 15 when the 3 °C interval results are reported. However, when specification requires Test Method D97/IP 15, do not substitute this test method.
Note 2: Since some users may wish to report their results in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP 15 (in 3 °C intervals), the precision data were derived for the 3 °C intervals. For statements on bias relative to Test Method D97/IP 15, see 13.3.1.  
5.5 This test method has better repeatability and reproducibility relative to Test Method D97/IP 15 as measured in the 1998 interlaboratory test program (see Section 13).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of pour point of petroleum products by an automatic apparatus that applies a slightly positive air pressure onto the specimen surface while the specimen is being cooled.  
1.2 This test method is designed to cover the range of temperatures from −57 °C to +51 °C; however, the range of temperatures included in the (1998) interlaboratory test program only covered the temperature range from −51 °C to −11 °C.  
1.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 1 °C or 3 °C testing intervals.  
1.4 This test method is not intended for use with crude oils.
Note 1: The applicability of this test method on residual fuel samples has not been verified. For further information on the applicability, refer to 13.4.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4175-23a(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.  
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places:  (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7094-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.  
5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials and for classification purposes. This definition may vary from regulation to regulation. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.  
5.3 This test method can be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment, which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
5.4 Flash point can also indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material, such as the contamination of lubricating oils by small amounts of diesel fuel or gasoline. This test method was designed to be more sensitive to potential contamination than Test Method D6450.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of fuels including diesel/biodiesel blends, lube oils, solvents, and other liquids by a continuously closed cup tester utilizing a specimen size of 2 mL, cup size of 7 mL, with a heating rate of 2.5 °C per minute.  
1.1.1 Apparatus requiring a specimen size of 1 mL, cup size of 4 mL, and a heating rate of 5.5 °C per minute must be run according to Test Method D6450.  
1.2 This flash point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates of temperature increase. It is one of the many flash point test methods available and every flash point test method, including this one, is an empirical method.
Note 1: Flash point values are not a constant physical chemical property of materials tested. They are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can, therefore, only be defined in terms of a standard test method and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different test methods or where different test apparatus is specified.  
1.3 This test method utilizes a closed but unsealed cup with air injected into the test chamber.  
1.4 The precision of this test method is applicable for testing samples with a flash point from 22.5 °C to 235.5 °C. Determinations below and above this range may be performed; however, the precision has not been established.  
1.5 If the user’s specification requires a defined flash point method other than this method, neither this method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius, pressure in kilo-Pascals.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2 and 8.5.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by th...

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ASTM
ASTM D665-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2425-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of process streams and petroleum products boiling within the range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F) is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties.  
5.2 A test method to determine total cycloparafins and low level aromatic content is necessary to meet specifications for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the mass spectrometer to determine the hydrocarbon types present in conventional and synthesized hydrocarbons that have a boiling range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F), 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86. Samples with average carbon number value of paraffins between C12 and C16 and containing paraffins from C10 and C18 can be analyzed. Eleven hydrocarbon types are determined. These include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH 2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14  (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH 2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics.  
Note 1: This test method was developed on Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation Type 103 Mass Spectrometers. Operating parameters for users with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer are provided.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with full boiling range products that contain no significant olefin content.
Biodiesel (FAME components) could interfere with the separation of the sample and the characteristic mass fragments of FAME compounds are not defined in the procedure.
Hydrocarbons containing tertiary carbon fragments, sometimes found in synthetic aviation fuels, will interfere with the characteristic mass fragments of paraffins and result in a false, elevated cycloparaffin content.
Note 2: “No significant olefin content” for this method means D1319.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 11.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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