ASTM D5092-90(1995)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
SCOPE
1.1 This practice considers the selection and characterization (that is, defining soil, rock types, and hydraulic gradients) of the target monitoring zone as an integral component of monitoring well design and installation. Hence, the development of a conceptual hydrogeologic model for the intended monitoring zone(s) is recommended prior to the design and installation of a monitoring well.
1.2 These guidelines are based on recognized methods by which monitoring wells may be designed and installed for the purpose of detecting the presence or absence of a contaminant, and collecting representative ground water quality data. The design standards and installation procedures herein are applicable to both detection and assessment monitoring programs for facilities.
1.3 The recommended monitoring well design, as presented in this practice, is based on the assumption that the objective of the program is to obtain representative ground water information and water quality samples from aquifers. Monitoring wells constructed following this practice should produce relatively turbidity-free samples for granular aquifer materials ranging from gravels to silty sand and sufficiently permeable consolidated and fractured strata. Strata having grain sizes smaller than the recommended design for the smallest diameter filter pack materials should be monitored by alternative monitoring well designs which are not addressed in this practice.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
´1
Designation:D5092–90(Reapproved 1995)
Standard Practice for
Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in
Aquifers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5092; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Paragraph 1.6 was added editorially October 1998.
INTRODUCTION
This practice for the design and installation of ground water monitoring wells in aquifers will
promote (1) durable and reliable construction, (2) extraction of representative ground water quality
samples, and (3) efficient and site hydrogeological characterizations.The guidelines established herein
are affected by governmental regulations and by site specific geological, hydrogeological, climato-
logical, topographical, and subsurface chemistry conditions. To meet these geoenvironmental
challenges, this guidance promotes the development of a conceptual hydrogeologic model prior to
monitoring well design and installation.
1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard.The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.1 This practice considers the selection and characteriza-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tion (that is, defining soil, rock types, and hydraulic gradients)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the target monitoring zone as an integral component of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
monitoring well design and installation. Hence, the develop-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ment of a conceptual hydrogeologic model for the intended
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
monitoring zone(s) is recommended prior to the design and
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
installation of a monitoring well.
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
1.2 These guidelines are based on recognized methods by
education or experience and should be used in conjunction
which monitoring wells may be designed and installed for the
withprofessionaljudgment.Natallaspectsofthispracticemay
purpose of detecting the presence or absence of a contaminant,
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
and collecting representative ground water quality data. The
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
design standards and installation procedures herein are appli-
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
cable to both detection and assessment monitoring programs
nor should this document be applied without consideration of
for facilities.
a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the
1.3 The recommended monitoring well design, as presented
title of this document means only that the document has been
in this practice, is based on the assumption that the objective of
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
the program is to obtain representative ground water informa-
tion and water quality samples from aquifers. Monitoring wells
2. Referenced Documents
constructed following this practice should produce relatively
2.1 ASTM Standards:
turbidity-free samples for granular aquifer materials ranging
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
from gravels to silty sand and sufficiently permeable consoli-
C 294 Descriptive Nomenclature of Constituents of Natural
dated and fractured strata. Strata having grain sizes smaller
Mineral Aggregates
than the recommended design for the smallest diameter filter
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
pack materials should be monitored by alternative monitoring
Fluids
well designs which are not addressed in this practice.
D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by
Auger Borings
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21.05 on Design and Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
Installation of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
Current edition approved June 29, 1990. Published October 1990. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
´1
D5092–90 (1995)
D 1586 Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sam- 3.1.8 borehole log—the record of geologic units penetrated,
pling of Soils drillingprogress,depth,waterlevel,samplerecovery,volumes,
D 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils and types of materials used, and other significant facts regard-
D2113 Practice for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Inves- ing the drilling of an exploratory borehole or well.
tigation 3.1.8.1 Discussion—The definition of aquifer as currently
D 2487 Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes included in Terminology D 653D 653 varies from the defini-
(Unified Soil Classification System) tion as prescribed by US federal regulations. Since this federal
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils definition is associated with the installation of many monitor-
(Visual-Manual Procedure) ing wells it is provided herein as a technical note:
D 3282 Classification of Soils and SoilAggregate Mixtures
aquifer—a geologic formation, group of formation, or part of a
for Highway Construction Purposes
formation that is saturated, and is capable of providing a significant
D 3550 Practice for Ring Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils
quantity of water.
D 4220 Practice for Preserving and Transporting Soil
4 3.1.9 bridge—an obstruction within the annulus which may
Samples
prevent circulation or proper emplacement of annular materi-
3. Terminology
als.
3.1.10 casing—pipe, finished in sections with either
3.1 Definitions:
threaded connections or bevelled edges to be field welded,
3.1.1 annular space; annulus—the space between two con-
which is installed temporarily or permanently to counteract
centrictubesorcasings,orbetweenthecasingandtheborehole
caving, to advance the borehole, or to isolate the zone being
wall. This would include the space(s) between multiple strings
monitored, or combination thereof.
of tubing/casings in a borehole installed either concentrically
3.1.11 casing, protective—a section of larger diameter pipe
or multi-cased adjacent to each other.
that is emplaced over the upper end of a smaller diameter
3.1.2 assessment monitoring—an investigative monitoring
monitoring well riser or casing to provide structural protection
program that is initiated after the presence of a contaminant in
to the well and restrict unauthorized access into the well.
ground water has been detected. The objective of this program
3.1.12 casing, surface—pipe used to stabilize a borehole
is to determine the concentration of constituents that have
near the surface during the drilling of a borehole that may be
contaminated the ground water and to quantify the rate and
left in place or removed once drilling is completed.
extent of migration of these constituents.
3.1.13 caving; sloughing—the inflow of unconsolidated
3.1.3 ASTM cement types—Portland cements meeting the
material into a borehole which occurs when the borehole walls
requirementsofSpecificationsC 150C 150.Cementtypeshave
lose their cohesive strength.
slightly different formulations that result in various character-
3.1.14 cement; Portland cement—commonly known as
istics which address different construction conditions and
Portland cement. A mixture that consists of a calcareous,
different physical and chemical environments. They are as
argillaceous, or other silica-, alumina-, and iron-oxide-bearing
follows:
materials that is manufactured and formulated to produce
3.1.3.1 Type I (Portland)—a general-purpose construction
various types which are defined in Specification C 150C 150.
cement with no special properties.
Portland cement is also considered a hydraulic cement because
3.1.3.2 Type II (Portland)—a construction cement that is
it must be mixed with water to form a cement-water paste that
moderately resistant to sulfates and generates a lower head of
has the ability to harden and develop strength even if cured
hydration at a slower rate than Type I.
under water (see ASTM cement types).
3.1.3.3 Type III (Portland; high early strength)—aconstruc-
3.1.15 centralizer—a device that assists in the centering of
tion cement that produces a high early strength. This cement
a casing or riser within a borehole or another casing.
reduces the curing time required when used in cold environ-
3.1.16 circulation—applies to the fluid rotary drilling
ments, and produces a higher heat of hydration than Type I.
method; drilling fluid movement from the mud pit, through the
3.1.3.4 Type IV (Portland)—a construction cement that
pump,hoseandswivel,drillpipe,annularspaceintheholeand
produces a low head of hydration (lower than Types I and II)
returning to the mud pit.
and develops strength at a slower rate.
3.1.3.5 Type V (Portland)—a construction cement that is a 3.1.17 conductance (specific)—a measure of the ability of
the water to conduct an electric current at 77°F (25°C). It is
high sulfate resistant formulation. Used when there is severe
sulfate action from soils and ground water. related to the total concentration of ionizable solids in the
water. It is inversely proportional to electrical resistance.
3.1.4 bailer—a hollow tubular receptacle used to facilitate
withdrawal of fluid from a well or borehole. 3.1.18 confining unit—a term that is synonymous with
“aquiclude,”“ aquitard,” and “aquifuge;” defined as a body of
3.1.5 ballast—materials used to provide stability to a buoy-
ant object (such as casing within a borehole filled with water). relatively low permeable material stratigraphically adjacent to
one or more aquifers.
3.1.6 blow-in—the inflow of ground water and unconsoli-
dated material into a borehole or casing caused by differential 3.1.19 contaminant—anundesirablesubstancenotnormally
present in water or soil.
hydraulic heads; that is, caused by the presence of a greater
hydraulic head outside of a borehole/casing than inside. 3.1.20 detection monitoring—a program of monitoring for
3.1.7 borehole a circular open or uncased subsurface hole the express purpose of determining whether or not there has
created by drilling. been a contaminant release to ground water.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
´1
D5092–90 (1995)
3.1.21 drill cuttings—fragments or particles of soil or rock, 3.1.34 loss of circulation—the loss of drilling fluid into
with or without free water, created by the drilling process. strata to the extent that circulation does not return to the
surface.
3.1.22 drilling fluid—afluid(liquidorgas)thatmaybeused
3.1.35 mud pit—usually a shallow, rectangular, open, por-
in drilling operations to remove cuttings from the borehole, to
table container with baffles into which drilling fluid and
clean and cool the drill bit, and to maintain the integrity of the
cuttings are discharged from a borehole and that serves as a
borehole during drilling.
reservoir and settling tank during recirculation of the drilling
3.1.23 d-10—the diameter of a soil particle (preferably in
fluids. Under some circumstances, an excavated pit with a
millimetres) at which 10 % by weight (dry) of the particles of
lining material may be used.
a particular sample are finer. Synonymous with the effective
3.1.36 multi-cased well—a well constructed by using suc-
size or effective grain size.
cessively smaller diameter casings with depth.
3.1.24 d-60—the diameter of a soil particle (preferably in
3.1.37 neat cement—a mixture of Portland cement (Speci-
millimetres) at which 60 % by weight (dry) of the particles of
fication 150) and water.
a particular sample are finer.
3.1.38 observation well—typically, a small diameter well
3.1.25 flow path—represents the area between two flow
used to measure changes in hydraulic heads, usually in
lines along which ground water can flow.
response to a nearby pumping well.
3.1.26 flush joint or flush coupled—casingorriserwithends
3.1.39 oil air filter—a filter or series of filters placed in the
threaded such that a consistent inside and outside diameter is
air flow line from an air compressor to reduce the oil content
maintained across the threaded joints or couplings. of the air.
3.1.27 gravel pack—common nomenclature for the termi- 3.1.40 oil trap—a device used to remove oil from the
compressed air discharged from an air compressor.
nology, primary filter of a well (see primary filter pack).
3.1.41 packer (monitoring wells)—a transient or dedicated
3.1.28 grout (monitoring wells)—a low permeability mate-
device placed in a well that isolates or seals a portion of the
rial placed in the annulus between the well casing or riser pipe
well, well annulus, or borehole at a specific level.
and the borehole wall (that is, in a single-cased monitoring
3.1.42 potentiometric surface—an imaginary surface repre-
well), or between the riser and casing (that is, in a multi-cased
senting the static head of ground water. The water table is a
monitoring well), to maintain the alignment of the casing and
particular potentiometric surface.
riser and to prevent movement of ground water or surface
3.1.42.1 Discussion—Where the head varies with depth in
water within the annular space.
the aquifer, a potentiometric surface is meaningful only if it
3.1.29 grout shoe—a plug fabricated of relatively inert
describes the static head along a particular specified surface or
materials that is positioned within the lowermost section of a
stratum in that aquifer. More than one potentiometric surface is
permanent casing and fitted with a passageway, often with a
required to describe the distribution of head in this case.
flow check device, through which grout is injected under
3.1.43 primary filter pack—a clean silica sand or sand and
pressure to fill the annular space. After the grout has set, the
gravel mixture of selected grain size and gradation that is
grout shoe is usually drilled out.
installed in the annular space between the borehole wall and
3.1.30 head (static)—the height above a standard datum of
the well screen, extending an appropriate distanc
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.