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ASTM E390-01(2006)e1

(Specification)

Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds

Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds

SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steel fusion welds that contain typical discontinuities with varying severity levels in different thicknesses of material. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs based on seven nominal weld thicknesses as follows:
Vol I-Set of 16 plates (81/2 by 11 in.) covering base material up to and including 1/4 in. [6.4 mm] in thickness.
Vol II-Set of 29 plates (81/2 by 11 in.) covering base material over 1/4 to and including 3 in. [6.4 to 76 mm] in thickness.
Vol III-Set of 32 plates (8 1/2 by 11 in.) covering base material over 3 to including 8 in. [76 to 203 mm] in thickness.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2006
ICS
25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E390-01 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E390-11 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds
Effective Date
01-Aug-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1032-19 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006

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ASTM E390-01(2006)e1 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion WeldsASTM E390-01(2006)e1 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds
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ASTM E390-01(2006)e1 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:E390–01 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Steel Fusion Welds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E390; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—A sentence about reference radiograph films was editorially added to 1.1 in February 2006.
1. Scope Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds:
Volume I, Thickness Up to and Including ⁄4 in. [6.4 mm]
1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steel
Volume II, Thickness Over ⁄4 to 3 in. [6.4 to 76 mm], incl
fusion welds that contain typical discontinuities with varying
severity levels in different thicknesses of material. The refer-
Volume III, Thickness Over 3 to 8 in. [76 to 203 mm], incl
ence radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must
be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
3. Terminology
1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs based
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this docu-
on seven nominal weld thicknesses as follows:
ment, see Terminology E1316 Terminology, Section D.
VolI—Setof16plates(8 ⁄2by11in.)coveringbasematerial
up to and including ⁄4 in. [6.4 mm] in thickness.
4. Significance and Use
Vol II—Set of 29 plates (8 ⁄2 by 11 in.) covering base
4.1 These reference radiographs may be used as a means for
material over ⁄4 to and including 3 in. [6.4 to 76 mm] in
establishing the types and severity levels of discontinuities that
thickness.
arerevealedbyradiographicexaminationofsteelfusionwelds.
Vol III—Set of 32 plates (8 ⁄2 by 11 in.) covering base
4.2 Each volume contains illustrations of representative
material over 3 to including 8 in. [76 to 203 mm] in thickness.
graded and ungraded discontinuities applicable to seven thick-
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
ness ranges, as shown inTable 1.Table 2 lists the discontinuity
as the standard.
types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
severity levels, 1 through 5 in order of increasing severity. The
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ungraded discontinuities are included for informational pur-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
poses.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.3 These reference radiographs may be used in contractual
2. Referenced Documents specifications, for which agreement has been reached between
2 purchaser and supplier, to establish acceptance limits of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
types and severity levels of discontinuities revealed by radio-
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
2 graphic examination.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3 4.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
to the specific energy levels given inTable 3 or to the thickness
limits given in Table 1. This document may be used, where
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs.
and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published February 2006. Originally
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E390 - 01. DOI:
and manufacturer.
10.1520/E0390-01R06E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Order RRE039001.
the ASTM website. Order RRE039002.
3 6
Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE039003.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
E390–01 (2006)
TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness Ranges
Illustration
Base Material Thickness Range,
Thickness,
A
in. [min]
in. [mm]
Vol I
0.030 [0.8] to and including 0.050 (3.3)
0.080 [2.0] over 0.050 (1.3) to and including ⁄8 (3.2)
3 1 1
⁄16 [4.8] over ⁄8 (3.2) to and including ⁄4 (6.4)
Vol II
3 1 1
⁄8 [9.5] over ⁄4 (6.4) to and including ⁄2 (13)
3 1 1
⁄4 [19] over ⁄2 (13) to and including 1 ⁄2 (48)
2 [51] over 1 ⁄2 (48) to and including 3 (76)
Vol III
5 [127] over 3.0 (75) to and including 8 (203)
A
Inthespecialcasesofjoiningtwomembersofunequalthickness,thestandard
applicable to the thinner member shall be used.
TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness of Base Material
Base Material Thickness and Grading, in. [mm]
Discontinuity Type
3 3 3
0.030 [0.8] 0.080 [2.0] ⁄16 [4.8] ⁄8 [9.5] ⁄4 [19] 2 [51] 5 [127]
Scattered porosity Grade 1–5
Fine scattered porosity Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Coarse scattered porosity Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Clustered porosity Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
A
Linear porosity (globular indications) ungraded Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Slag inclusions Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Tungsten inclusions Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 ungraded
Incomplete penetration ungraded Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Lack of fusion ungraded Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Elongated or worm hole porosity ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Burn through ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Icicles (teardrops) ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Longitudinal crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Transverse crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Crater crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Undercut ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
A
The severity of linear porosity (globular indications) should be judged by their length and clustering rather than by their optical density.
A
TABLE 3 Radiographic Technique
Base Material Source-to- Film Type
Screens in
Thickness, kVp mA Timers Film Dis- ASTM
Cassettes
B
in. [mm] tance, in. E94
Vol I
0.030 [0.8] 90 10 180–210 48 none 1
0.080 [2.0] 120 10 150–210 48 none 1
⁄16 [4.8] 150 10 180–270 48 0.005 in. Pb front 1
0.010 in. Pb back
Vol II
C
⁄8 [9.5] 175 10 175–200 48 0.005 in. Pb front
0.010 in. Pb back
⁄4 [19] 250 10 43–65 60 0.005 in. Pb front 1
0.010 in. Pb back
60 D
2 [51] 2000 or Co 1.5 45–53 108 0.005 in. Pb front 1
0.010 in. Pb back
Vol III
60 D
5 [203] 2000 or Co 1.5 420–450 108 1
A
All films were processed by automatic film processors.
B
ASTM Guide E94.
C
Not defined in Guide E94; manufacturers’ description is—ultra fine grain, high contrast.
D 60
These reference radiographs were made with Co.
´1
E390–01 (2006)
5. Preparation of Reference Radiographs 6.7 Icicles (Teardrops) are fused droplets of weld metal
extending beyond the root of the weld. They appear as
5.1 The illustration in Vol I and the first two thicknesses of
individual, rounded, lighter indications with an occasional
Vol II are radiographic while those in the thick section of Vol
small dark spot in the center of a drop. Icicles occur in seams
II (2 in.) and Vol III are photographic reproductions.
welded from one side only.
5.2 The radiographs were made to a quality level of at least
6.8 A Burn Through is a melting of the metal from the root
2-2T penetrameter sensitivity.
of the weld or through the backing strip. It appears on the
5.3 Table3liststhetechniqueusedinproducingtheoriginal
radiograph as an individual darkened area of elongated or
radiographs. The data are included for information and are not
rounded contour which may be surrounded by a lighter ring.
to be construed as the recommended technique.
This dis
...

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ABSTRACT
This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage.
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1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.  
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4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the mechanized ultrasonic examination of pipe girth welds used in the construction of gas and oil pipelines. This practice, with appropriate modifications due to changes in weld profile, may also be used to examine repaired welds. Manual techniques such as described in Practice E164 may also be used to examine production or repaired welds. This practice, with appropriate modifications, may also be used to examine other forms of butt welds including long seams.  
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1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for examining welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (see Note 1 and Note 2).  
1.2 This practice uses angle beams, either in S-scan or E-scan modes, primarily for butt welds and Tee welds. Alternative welding techniques, such as solid state bonding (for example, friction stir welding) and fusion welding (for example, electron beam welding) can be examined using this practice, provided adequate coverage and techniques are documented and approved. Practices for specific geometries such as spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to 200 mm. Greater and lesser thicknesses may be examined using this practice if the technique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickness and geometry.  
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1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice, provided reference standards can be developed to demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam.
Note 2: For additional pertinent information, see ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4, Guide E2491, Practice E317, and Practice E587.  
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ASTM E2373/E2373M-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of the Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides general principles for the application of the Time-of-Flight Diffraction Technique as a tool for detection and sizing of discontinuities.  
4.2 TOFD is a nondestructive ultrasonic examination technique that is not based on amplitude response. However, sufficient sensitivity is required to identify indications for evaluation.  
4.3 TOFD techniques are typically applied to welded joints in carbon steel, but the principles may be applicable to other applications including other materials with suitable validation procedures agreeable to the contracting parties.  
4.4 In addition to a stand-alone ultrasonic detection technique, TOFD may be used in conjunction with weld examinations such as those described in Practices E164 and E1961 where it may be used to improve sizing estimates of flaws detected by the manual or mechanized pulse-echo techniques and help discriminate between flaws and geometric reflectors.  
4.5 The technique has proven effective on thicknesses from 9 to 300 mm [0.375 to 12 in.]. TOFD has been used on thicknesses outside of this range but special considerations are necessary. Techniques developed outside of this range of thickness shall be demonstrated as capable of meeting the required detection and sizing requirements of the specification used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the requirements for developing ultrasonic examination procedures using the ultrasonic technique known as Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD).  
1.2 Consistent with ASTM Policy, TOFD may be regarded as an ultrasonic test method whereby the qualities and characteristics of the item tested are evaluated, measured, and, in some cases, identified. Measurements may be subject to precision and bias that may be determined statistically or as a function of some parameter(s) such as wavelength. This practice may be used for applications that would be quantitative examinations as well as quantitative tests.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1032-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film

ABSTRACT
This test method provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radiographic film. Requirements expressed in this method are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. The apparatus shall comprise of a radiation source which may be X-ray or gamma-ray source; film holders and cassettes; intensifying screens such as lead-foil, fluorescent, fluorometallic, or other metallic screens; filters which shall be used whenever the contrast reductions caused by low energy, scattered radiation, or the extent of undercut (edge burn-off) occurring on production radiographs are of significant magnitude to cause difficulty in meeting the quality level or radiographic coverage requirements stipulated by the job order or contract; masking to improve radiographic quality; IQI's or penetrameters; shims, separate blocks, or like sections to facilitate IQI positioning; radiographic location and identification markers; and radiographic density measurement device. The test method shall meet the radiographic coverage, radiographic film quality, radiographic quality level, acceptance level, and radiographic density limitations. Procedures for surface preparation, radiation application and protection, IQI selection and placement, shim utilization, radiograph identification, and single-wall or double-wall radiographic techniques are addressed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radiographic film. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 The radiographic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more or less stringent requirements may be required than those specified. In these cases, the use of alternative radiographic techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier (also see Section 4).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary information, see Section 9.)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E164-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The techniques for ultrasonic examination of welds described in this practice are intended to provide a means of weld examination for both internal and surface discontinuities within the weld and the heat-affected zone. The practice is limited to the examination of specific weld geometries in wrought or forged material.  
3.2 The techniques provide a practical method of weld examination for internal and surface discontinuities and are well suited to the task of in-process quality control. The practice is especially suited to the detection of discontinuities that present planar surfaces perpendicular to the sound beam. Other nondestructive examinations may be used when porosity and slag inclusions must be critically evaluated.  
3.3 When ultrasonic examination is used as a basis of acceptance of welds, there should be agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser as to the specific reference standards and limits to be used. Examples of reference standards are given in Section 7. A detailed procedure for weld examination describing allowable discontinuity limits should be written and agreed upon.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers techniques for the ultrasonic A-scan examination of specific weld configurations joining wrought ferrous or aluminum alloy materials to detect weld discontinuities (see Note 1). The reflection method using pulsed waves is specified. Manual techniques are described employing contact of the search unit through a couplant film or water column.  
1.2 This practice utilizes angle beams or straight beams, or both, depending upon the specific weld configurations. Practices for special geometries such as fillet welds and spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 0.250 to 8 in. (6.4 to 203 mm).  
Note 1: This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice provided reference standards can be developed that demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam.
Note 2: For additional pertinent information see Practice E317, Terminology E1316, and Practice E587.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G58-85(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens for Weldments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The intent of this practice is to indicate standard welded specimens and welding procedures for evaluating the SCC characteristics of weldments in corrosive environments. The practice does not recommend the specific corrosive media that may be selected by the user depending upon the intent of his investigation. Specific corrosive media are included in Practices G35, G36, G37, and G44. Other environments can be used as required.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the making and utilization of test specimens for the evaluation of weldments in stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) environments.  
1.2 Test specimens are described in which (a) stresses are developed by the welding process only, (b) stresses are developed by an externally applied load in addition to the stresses due to welding, and (c) stresses are developed by an externally applied load only with residual welding stresses removed by annealing.  
1.3 This practice is concerned only with the welded test specimen and not with the environmental aspects of stress-corrosion testing. Specific practices for the bending and loading of test specimens, as well as the stress considerations involved in preparation of C-rings, U-bend, bent-beam, and tension specimens are discussed in other ASTM standards.  
1.4 The actual stress in test specimens removed from weldments is not precisely known because it depends upon the level of residual stress from the welding operation combined with the applied stress. A method for determining the magnitude and direction of residual stress which may be applicable to weldment is described in Test Method E837. The reproducibility of test results is highly dependent on the preparation of the weldment, the type of test specimen tested, and the evaluation criteria used. Sufficient replication should be employed to determine the level of inherent variability in the specific test results that is consistent with the objectives of the test program.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety hazards information, see Section 7.)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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