ASTM D1879-06(2023)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Exposure of Adhesive Specimens to Ionizing Radiation
Standard Practice for Exposure of Adhesive Specimens to Ionizing Radiation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures outlined in this practice are designed to standardize the exposure of adhesive-bonded specimens for the purpose of studying the effects of ionizing radiation, but have been made flexible enough so that a large variety of conditions may be met within the scope of this one irradiation method. Because of this flexibility in the procedures, it is important that the experimenter have some idea of the kind of changes that will occur, and of the conditions that will affect these changes.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to define conditions for the exposure of polymeric adhesives in bonded specimens to ionizing radiation prior to determination of radiation-induced changes in physical or chemical properties. This recommended practice specifically covers the following kinds of radiation: gamma or X-ray radiation, electron or beta radiation, neutrons, and mixtures of these such as reactor radiation.
1.2 This practice specifies only the conditions of irradiation but does not cover the preparation of test specimens, testing conditions, or the evaluation of test. These are covered in the various ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials.
1.3 This practice covers procedures for the following five types of exposure:
Procedure A—Exposure at ambient conditions.
Procedure B—Exposure at controlled temperature.
Procedure C—Exposure in a medium other than air.
Procedure D—Exposure under load.
Procedure E—Exposure combining two or more of the variables listed in Procedures A to D.
Note 1: The problems of measuring the properties of materials during irradiation involve shielding and remote control facilities and are, therefore, not considered in this practice.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5.1 Electrical Hazard: Warning—The users of this practice must be aware that there are inherent dangers associated with the use of electrical instrumentation and that this practice cannot and will not substitute for a practical knowledge of the instrument used for a particular procedure.
1.5.2 Radio Frequency: Warning—Persons with pacemakers may be affected by the radio frequency.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1879 − 06 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Practice for
Exposure of Adhesive Specimens to Ionizing Radiation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1879; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5.2 Radio Frequency: Warning—Persons with pacemak-
ers may be affected by the radio frequency.
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to define conditions for
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
the exposure of polymeric adhesives in bonded specimens to
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ionizing radiation prior to determination of radiation-induced
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
changesinphysicalorchemicalproperties.Thisrecommended
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
practice specifically covers the following kinds of radiation:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
gammaorX-rayradiation,electronorbetaradiation,neutrons,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and mixtures of these such as reactor radiation.
1.2 This practice specifies only the conditions of irradiation
2. Referenced Documents
but does not cover the preparation of test specimens, testing
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conditions, or the evaluation of test. These are covered in the
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
variousASTMmethodsorspecificationsforspecificmaterials.
D907Terminology of Adhesives
1.3 This practice covers procedures for the following five
D1672Practice for Exposure of Polymeric Materials to
types of exposure:
High-Energy Radiation (Withdrawn 1984)
Procedure A—Exposure at ambient conditions.
D2953Classification System for Polymeric Materials for
Procedure B—Exposure at controlled temperature.
Service in Ionizing Radiation (Withdrawn 1984)
Procedure C—Exposure in a medium other than air.
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
Procedure D—Exposure under load.
Dosimetry
Procedure E—Exposure combining two or more of the
E261Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence
variables listed in Procedures A to D.
Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
NOTE 1—The problems of measuring the properties of materials during
irradiation involve shielding and remote control facilities and are,
or X Radiation
therefore, not considered in this practice.
E720Guide for Selection and Use of Neutron Sensors for
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Determining Neutron Spectra Employed in Radiation-
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
Hardness Testing of Electronics
information purposes only.
E2005Guide for Benchmark Testing of Reactor Dosimetry
in Standard and Reference Neutron Fields
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ISO/ASTM 51261Guide for Selection and Calibration of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ISO/ASTM 51649Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies Be-
1.5.1 Electrical Hazard: Warning—The users of this prac-
tween 300 keV and 25 MeV
tice must be aware that there are inherent dangers associated
ISO/ASTM 51702Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irra-
with the use of electrical instrumentation and that this practice
diation Facilities for Radiation Processing
cannot and will not substitute for a practical knowledge of the
ISO/ASTM 51818Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron
instrument used for a particular procedure.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D14 on Adhesives For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.80 on Metal Bonding contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Adhesives. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2023. Published January 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D1879–06 (2014). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D1879-06R22. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1879 − 06 (2023)
Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies Be- 5.3 The resultant changes in the morphology of polymeric
tween 80 and 300 keV materials caused by exposure to radiation can be dependent on
therespectiveratesofrecombination,crosslinking,orcleavage
2.3 ANSI Document:
of the material segments. These rates are affected by the
N1.1GlossaryofTermsinNuclearScienceandTechnology
mobility of the excited atoms (free radicals or ionized) which
2.3IEEE Documents:
inturnisinfluencedbytemperatureandbytheconcentrationof
278Classifying Electrical Insulating Materials Exposed to
the excited or ionized atoms.
Neutron and Gamma Radiation
323Qualifying Class 1E Equipment for Nuclear Power
5.4 The concentration of reactive species will vary with the
Generating Stations
rateofabsorptionofradiation.Bothradiationexposureordose
and dose-rate should be specified in reporting the results of
3. Terminology
tests.The effect of dose, dose-rate and specimen thickness can
3.1 Many terms in this practice are defined in Terminology
sometimesbeobservedwhenirradiationsarecarriedoutinair,
D907 and in Terminology E170.
that is in the presence of oxygen, wherein oxygen reacts with
radicals produced in the irradiated material. This oxygen
3.2 gray, n—the unit of absorbed dose when the energy per
reaction is diffusion controlled. The reactivity of some irradi-
unit mass imparted to matter by radiation is one joule per
ated specimens toward oxygen makes it necessary to specify
kilogram.
whether irradiations are carried out in air or in an inert
3.3 rad, n—the unit of absorbed dose when the energy per
atmosphere. The accessibility to an air supply undepleted in
unitmassimpartedtomatterbyradiationis100ergspergram.
oxygen should be assured if possible.
–2
NOTE 2—To convert from rad to gray (Gy), multiply by 1.00 × 10 .1
rad = 0.01 gray and 1 megarad (MR) = 10 kilograys (kGy). 5.5 The localized concentration of reactive species during
irradiation will vary, depending on the type of radiation
4. Significance and Use
employed. The proton and carbon recoils from neutron bom-
bardment produce densely ionized tracks in the specimen
4.1 The procedures outlined in this practice are designed to
compared to the diffuse ionization in the wake of protons or
standardizetheexposureofadhesive-bondedspecimensforthe
electrons. The effect of different types of radiation may
purpose of studying the effects of ionizing radiation, but have
thereforebedifferent.Itisrequiredthatthetypeofradiationto
beenmadeflexibleenoughsothatalargevarietyofconditions
which the specimen has been exposed be reported as well as
may be met within the scope of this one irradiation method.
the irradiation dose in terms of energy absorbed units, that is,
Becauseofthisflexibilityintheprocedures,itisimportantthat
grays or kiloGrays (kGy).
the experimenter have some idea of the kind of changes that
will occur, and of the conditions that will affect these changes.
5.6 Various chemical structures respond differently on ex-
posure to radiation. The exposure levels for testing should be
5. Effects of Irradiation
based upon the end-use of the bonded assembly and upon
5.1 Exposure to radiation can result in changes in
consideration of the chemical structure of the adhesive mate-
monomers, oligomers and high polymers, which owe some of
rial.Aromaticmaterials,suchaspolystyrene(PS),polycarbon-
their properties to chemical links formed within molecular
ates (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), tend to be
structures. These structures may be cross-linked by radiation
unaffected,intermsofphysicalproperties,bymodestradiation
into insoluble, three-dimensional networks, may be cleaved
exposure. Materials with an abstractable hydrogen, such as
into smaller molecules, or unaffected by radiation exposure.
polyethylene (PE), will crosslink, with the radiation response
Crosslinking and cleavage or scission may occur at the same
being very dependent on the specific morphology of a given
time.
grade and its additives. Materials with tetra-substituted carbon
atoms, such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polytetra-
5.2 One effect of the reaction of ionizing radiation with
fluorothylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC),
polymers is the formation of free radicals, atoms containing
will exhibit scissioning and generally a weakening of physical
unpaired electrons. In some instances, the rate at which free
properties. The exposure levels or cumulative dose should be
radicals are formed may be much greater than their rate of
extinction. In a few instances, this can lead to trapped reactive those which will produce measurable changes in a stipulated
property rather than a specified fixed irradiation dose. Such
species within the irradiated material and to the possibility of
continuing reactions for days or weeks after the specimen has changes in property may progress at different rates, with some
beenremovedfromtheradiationfield.Becauseoftheselimited materials changing rapidly once a change has been initiated,
post-irradiation reactions it has been found necessary to whileothersmaychangequiteslowly.Itisnecessarytherefore
standardize the times and conditions of storage between to irradiate to several fixed levels of property change in order
irradiation and testing of specimens. to establish the rate of change (see 13.2).
5.7 Some materials that have been exposed to reactor
radiation in terms of neutron flux may become radioactive.
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Thesecanbemetallicandotherinorganicadherendsandfillers.
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
For exact work, where the reactor spectrum is being studied,
Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),
445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http://www.ieee.org. exposure in a reactor would give the only accurate results.
D1879 − 06 (2023)
6. Test Specimens thickness of the specimen. Expose the specimens to only one
total dose. For each new total dose, expose additional properly
6.1 Wherever possible, use the type of specimens in accor-
conditioned specimens. Exposure in nuclear reactors or other
dance with the ASTM test methods for the specific properties
sources having uniform radiation fields will not require tra-
to be measured.
versing the radiation field.
6.2 Where it is not possible to utilize standard test
8.4 Aftertherequiredperiodoftime,removethespecimens
specimens, make irradiated and non-irradiated specimens of
from the field and condition prior to test in the Standard
the same size and shape.
LaboratoryAtmosphere (7.1), for no less than 16 and no more
6.3 Since organic adherends may be sensitive to radiation,
than 32 h, unless it is necessary to store the specimens for
they should be tested independently of the adhesive assembly
longer periods of time because of radioactivity or other
under the same conditions, using irradiated and non-irradiated
reasons. Report the time and condition of such storage.
adherend specimens.
8.5 Condition non-irradiated control specimens in accor-
7. Conditioning
dance with 7.1 prior to test in the Standard Laboratory
Atmosphere.
7.1 Condition specimens to be exposed in air in accordance
with Procedure A of Practice D618.
9. Procedure B—Exposure at Controlled Temperatures
7.2 Condition specimens to be exposed in a gas other than
9.1 Follow the procedure outlined in 8.1 and 8.2.
air at the temperature of exposure in an appropriate container
−3
9.2 Irradiatethespecimensasdescribedin8.3atthedesired
at a pressure of 10 Pa (10 mm Hg) or less for at least 8 h
temperature. Place a dummy specimen containing a grounded
followed by three flushes with the gas to be present during
thermocouple in the radiation field at the same conditions as
exposure. After flushing, fill the container with the exposure
the test specimens to determine the temperature. If the tem-
gas and seal it.
perature varies by more than 65°C, it should be reported.
7.3 Condition specimens to be exposed in a vacuum at the
9.3 Condition the specimens as outlined in 8.4.
temperature of exposure in an appropriate container at a
−3
pressure of 10 Pa (10 mm Hg) or less for at least 48 h. Then
9.4 After conditioning in accordance with 7.1, expose non-
seal the container from the vacuum system. Where increase in
irradiatedcontrolspecimenstothesametemperatureemployed
pressure due to outgassing may be undesirable or where the
in 9.2 for the same period of time as the irradiated specimens.
outgassing products themselves may be undesirable, the
9.5 After treatment, condition the control specimens along
vacuum in the container may be maintained by pumping
with the irradiated specimens in accordance with 7.1 prior to
continuously during the irradiation.
test.
7.4 Condition specimens to be exposed in a liquid medium
in accordance with 7.1 before placing in the liquid medium.
10. Procedure C—Exposure in Medium Other than Air
Immerse the specimens completely in the liquid during the
10.1 After conditioning in accordance with 7.2, 7.3,or 7.4,
entire period of irradiation.
irradiate the specimens as described in 8.3.
7.5 Depending upon the type and energy of radiation,
10.2 After removal from the medium, condition the speci-
inorganic adherends may have a shielding effect on the
mens according to the procedure outlined in 8.4.
adhesive bond. Because of this position the specimens so that
10.3 The non-irradiated control specimens that have been
the shielding effect is uniform over all the adhesive layer.
conditioned in accordance with 7.2, 7.3,or 7.4 shall remain in
8. Procedure A—Exposure at Ambient Conditions
the selected medium for the same period of time as the
irradiated specimens.
8.1 After conditioning in accordance with 7.1, expose the
s
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