ASTM D1331-14

Standard Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Paints, Solvents, Solutions of Surface-Active Agents, and Related Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These methods provide data that are useful in evaluating the effectiveness of surface active agents in reducing surface tension. In addition, surface tension data can predict interactions between liquids and solid surfaces or other liquids and can be used to establish wetting properties of paints, solvents, and other liquids.  
5.2 A number of laboratories have found the Wilhelmy plate to be easier to use, easier to clean and generally better for use with pigmented paints.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of a variety of liquid materials, including but not restricted to paints, solvents, and solutions of surface-active agents, as defined in Terminology D459. Four methods are covered as follows:
Method A—Surface Tension by du Noüy ring.
Method B—Interfacial Tension by du Noüy ring.
Method C—Surface Tension by Wilhelmy plate.
Method D—Interfacial Tension by Wilhelmy plate.  
1.2 Method A originally was written primarily to cover aqueous solutions of surface-active agents, but is also applicable to aqueous paints, nonaqueous solutions (including paints) and mixed solvent solutions.  
1.3 Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More than one solute component may be present, including solute components that are not in themselves surface-active.  
1.4 Method C is applicable to surface active liquids and, unlike du Noüy ring, no buoyancy corrections are needed and results are not affected by moderate viscosities (1-10 Pa-sec) of the liquid. It is the recommended method for use with paints and resin solutions.  
1.5 Method D is applicable to two-phase solutions and mixtures.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2014
• ICS: 71.100.40 - Surface active agents
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.24 - Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1331 − 14
Standard Test Methods for
Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Paints,
Solvents, Solutions of Surface-Active Agents, and Related
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review
them for hazards prior to usage.
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of surface
tension and interfacial tension of a variety of liquid materials,
2. Referenced Documents
including but not restricted to paints, solvents, and solutions of
2
surface-active agents, as defined in Terminology D459. Four 2.1 ASTM Standards:
methods are covered as follows: D459 Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents
Method A—Surface Tension by du Noüy ring.
Method B—Interfacial Tension by du Noüy ring. 3. Terminology
Method C—Surface Tension by Wilhelmy plate.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Method D—Interfacial Tension by Wilhelmy plate.
3.1.1 du Noüy ring—platinum wire ring.
1.2 Method A originally was written primarily to cover
3.1.2 Wilhelmy plate—flat, thin plate made of glass or
aqueous solutions of surface-active agents, but is also appli-
platinum.
cable to aqueous paints, nonaqueous solutions (including
paints) and mixed solvent solutions.
4. Summary of Test Methods
1.3 Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More
4.1 du Noüy Ring Methods—The ring is suspended from a
than one solute component may be present, including solute
tensiometer or balance. The test liquid is brought into contact
components that are not in themselves surface-active.
with the ring until the latter is covered. For interfacial tension
measurements, the ring must be at the interface between the
1.4 Method C is applicable to surface active liquids and,
two liquids. The ring is then slowly withdrawn until a
unlike du Noüy ring, no buoyancy corrections are needed and
maximum force is attained, from which the surface or interfa-
resultsarenotaffectedbymoderateviscosities(1-10Pa-sec)of
cial tension may be calculated.
the liquid. It is the recommended method for use with paints
and resin solutions.
4.2 Wilhelmy Plate Methods—Theplateissuspendedfroma
tensiometerorbalance.Thetestliquidorinterfacebetweentwo
1.5 Method D is applicable to two-phase solutions and
liquids is brought into contact with the bottom of the plate,
mixtures.
causing the plate to be pulled down into the liquid by the
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
surfacetensionforce.Theforceappliedtotheplatefromabove
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
is then increased to bring the bottom edge of the plate level
standard.
with the flat surface of the liquid. The force acting on the plate
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
is measured and used to calculate the surface tension of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
liquid or the interfacial tension between two liquid phases.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety
5.1 These methods provide data that are useful in evaluating
the effectiveness of surface active agents in reducing surface
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints &
2
Paint Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D1331 – 11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1331-14. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D1331 − 14
tension. In addition, surface tension data can predict interac- the dial and vernier at zero. Adjust the rear adjusting screw so
tions between liquids and solid surfaces or other liquids and that the index level of the arm is opposite the reference mark
can be used to establish wetting properties of paints, solvents, on the mirror, that is, the ring system is at the zero positio
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1331 − 11 D1331 − 14
Standard Test Methods for
Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-
Active AgentsPaints, Solvents, Solutions of Surface-Active
1
Agents, and Related Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of a variety of liquid materials,
including but not restricted to paints, solvents, and solutions of surface-active agents, as defined in Terminology D459. TwoFour
methods are covered as follows:
Method A—Surface Tension.Tension by du Noüy ring.
Method B—Interfacial Tension.Tension by du Noüy ring.
Method C—Surface Tension by Wilhelmy plate.
Method D—Interfacial Tension by Wilhelmy plate.
1.2 Method A is originally was written primarily to cover aqueous solutions of surface-active agents, but is also applicable to
aqueous paints, nonaqueous solutions (including paints) and mixed solvent solutions.
1.3 Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More than one solute component may be present, including solute
components that are not in themselves surface-active.
1.4 Method C is applicable to surface active liquids and, unlike du Noüy ring, no buoyancy corrections are needed and results
are not affected by moderate viscosities (1-10 Pa-sec) of the liquid. It is the recommended method for use with paints and resin
solutions.
1.5 Method D is applicable to two-phase solutions and mixtures.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to
usage.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D459 Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 du Noüy ring—platinum wire ring.
3.1.2 Wilhelmy plate—flat, thin plate made of glass or platinum.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and& Paint Materials.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011Dec. 1, 2014. Published June 2011January 2015. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20012011 as
D1331 – 89 (2001) which was withdrawn January 2010 and reinstated in June 2011. DOI: 10.1520/D1331-11. 11. DOI: 10.1520/D1331-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D1331 − 14
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 du Noüy Ring Methods—The ring is suspended from a tensiometer or balance. The test liquid is brought into contact with
the ring until the latter is covered. For interfacial tension measurements, the ring must be at the interface between the two liquids.
The ring is then slowly withdrawn until a maximum force is attained, from which the surface or interfacial tension may be
calculated.
4.2 Wilhelmy Plate Methods—The plate is suspended from a tensiometer or balance. The test liquid or interface between two
liquids is brought into contact with the bottom of the plate, causing the plate to be pulled down into the liquid by the surface tension
force. The force applied to the plate from above is then increased to bring the bottom edge of the plate level with the flat surface
of the liquid. The force acting on the plate is measured and used to calculate the surface tension of the liquid or the interfacial
tension between two liquid phases.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 These met
...