Name: ASTM E136-99e1 - Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 o C
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Abstract

Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750<sub>o</sub>C

SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers the determination under specified laboratory conditions of combustion characteristics of building materials. It is not intended to apply to laminated or coated materials.
1.2 This test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status

Historical

Publication Date

25-May-2000

ICS

13.220.50 - Fire-resistance of building materials and elements

91.100.01 - Construction materials in general

Technical Committee

E05 - Fire Standards

Drafting Committee

E05.23 - Combustibility

Current Stage

Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By

ASTM E136-04 - Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C

Effective Date

01-Feb-2004

Referred By

ASTM C1902-22a - Standard Specification for Cellular Glass Insulation Used in Building and Roof Applications

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM C1825-19 - Standard Guide for Developing Specifications for Masonry Units

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM E1602-03(2017) - Standard Guide for Construction of Solid Fuel Burning Masonry Heaters

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM E2513-07(2019)e1 - Standard Specification for Multi-Story Building External Evacuation Platform Rescue Systems

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM F1955-22 - Standard Test Method for Flammability of Sleeping Bags

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM C1355/C1355M-96(2020) - Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum Composites

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM C1086-20 - Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Mechanically Bonded Felt Thermal Insulation

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM E2652-22 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750 °C

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM E1509-22 - Standard Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-Burning Type

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM F2417-23 - Standard Specification for Fire Safety for Candles

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM C1685-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Pneumatically Applied High-Temperature Fiber Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM E136-22 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM E3157-23 - Standard Guide for Understanding and Using Information Related to Installation of Firestop Systems

Effective Date

26-May-2000

Referred By

ASTM F821/F821M-23 - Standard Specification for Domestic Use Doors and Frames, Steel, Interior, Marine

Effective Date

26-May-2000

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ASTM E136-99e1 - Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750<sub>o</sub>C

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ASTM E136-99e1 - Standard Test...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
e1
Designation: E 136 – 99
Standard Test Method for
1
Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E 136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
e NOTE—An editorial correction was made in July 2000.
4
1. Scope E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
2.2 ISO Standard:
1.1 This ﬁre-test-response test method covers the determi-
5
ISO 1182 Noncombustibility Test for Building Materials
nation under speciﬁed laboratory conditions of combustion
2.3 Other Standard:
characteristics of building materials. It is not intended to apply
5
BS 476 Combustibility Test of Materials
to laminated or coated materials.
1.2 This test method references notes and footnotes that
3. Terminology
provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes,
3.1 Deﬁnitions—For deﬁnitions of terms found in this test
excluding those in tables and ﬁgures, shall not be considered as
method, refer to Terminology E 176.
requirements of this test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4. Signiﬁcance and Use
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
4.1 While actual building ﬁre exposure conditions are not
only.
duplicated, this test method will assist in indicating those
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the
materials which do not act to aid combustion or add appre-
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
ciable heat to an ambient ﬁre.
ﬂame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
4.2 Materials passing the test are permitted limited ﬂaming
incorporate all factors required for ﬁre-hazard or ﬁre-risk
and other indications of combustion.
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
actual ﬁre conditions.
5. Apparatus
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 The apparatus, as shown in Fig. 1,shall consist primarily
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the following:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1.1 Refractory Tubes—Two concentric, refractory tubes,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
76 and 102 mm (3 and 4 in.) in inside diameter and 210 to 250
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
mm (8 ⁄2 to 10 in.) in length, with axes vertical, and with heat
applied by electric heating coils outside of the larger tube. A
2. Referenced Documents
controlled ﬂow of air is admitted tangentially near the top of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 the annular space between the tubes and passes to the bottom
D 1929 Test Method for Ignition Properties of Plastics
of the inner tube. The outer tube rests on a refractory bottom
D 3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal
3 and the inner tube rests on three spacer blocks so as to afford
and Coke from Coal
a total opening under the inner tube equal to or greater than that
E 84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
4 of the annular space. The refractory bottom plate has a
Building Materials
removable plug for cleaning.
5.1.2 Transparent Cover—A transparent cover of heat-
1
resistant glass or other transparent material shall be provided
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.23 on Combustibil-
over the top of the inner tubes. The cover shall have a circular
ity.
1 1
opening 1 ⁄8 6 ⁄32 in. (28.7 6 0.8 mm) centered over the axis
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published January 2000. Originally
e1
published as E 136 – 58 T. Last previous edition E 136 – 98 .
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E 136
NOTE—Inch-Pound Equivalents
2
3
in. 3 4 61010 ⁄4 1 in. No. 16 Awg
2
mm 76 102 152 254 273 6.4 cm 1.29
FIG. 1 Cross Section of Furnace Assembly
2 2
of the tubes. This opening has an area of 1.0 in. (645 mm ). outside dimensions conform to the specimen shape and maxi-
The cover shall be in two equally-sized, movable parts. mum size speciﬁed in 6.1. These vessels shall have walls of
5.1.3 Thermocouples and an automatically recording devi
...

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Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide only comparative measurements of surface flame spread and smoke density measurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure conditions described herein.
4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32 m) long by 20-in. (508 mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow and flaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along the entire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 51/2 min.
4.3 This test method does not provide for the following:
4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface.
4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of an assembly resulting from the proximity of combustible walls and ceilings.
4.3.3 Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible, by means of a flame spread index by itself.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard for the comparative surface burning behavior of building materials is applicable to exposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test is conducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with the surface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignition source. The material, product, or assembly shall be capable of being mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, the specimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structural quality, held in place by added supports along the test surface, or secured from the back side.
1.2 Test Method E84 is a 10-min fire-test response method. The following standards address testing of materials in accordance with test methods that are applications or variations of the test method or apparatus used for Test Method E84:
1.2.1 Materials required by the user to meet an extended 30-min duration tunnel test shall be tested in accordance with Test Method E2768.
1.2.2 Wires and cables for use in air-handling spaces shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 262.
1.2.3 Pneumatic tubing for control systems shall be tested in accordance with UL 1820.
1.2.4 Combustible sprinkler piping shall be tested in accordance with UL 1887.
1.2.5 Optical fiber and communications raceways for use in air handling spaces shall be tested in accordance with UL 2024.
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to determine the relative burning behavior of the material by observing the flame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smoke developed index are reported. However, there is not necessarily a relationship between these two measurements.
1.4 The use of supporting materials on the underside of the test specimen has the ability to lower the flame spread index from those which might be obtained if the specimen could be tested without such support. These test results do not necessarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials without such support.
1.5 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed, results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.
1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
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ASTM E1623-22a(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat release rate of materials, products, and assemblies. Other parameters are the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to ignition, smoke and gas production, emissivity, and surface temperature. Examples of test specimens are assemblies of materials or products that are tested in their end-use thickness. Therefore, the test method is suitable for assessing the heat release rate of a wall assembly.
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
5.5 Test Limitations:
5.5.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.
5.5.2 Exercise caution in interpreting results of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate during a test. Report observations of such behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of radiant heat exposure with or without an external ignitor.
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, visible smoke development, and gas release of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.
1.3 This test method is also suitable for determining many of the parameters or values needed as input for computer fire models. Examples of these values include effective heat of combustion, surface temperature, ignition temperature, and emissivity.
1.4 This test method is also intended to provide information about other fire parameters such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, radiative and convective heat transfer coefficients, flame radiation factor, air entrainment rates, flame temperatures, minimum surface temperatures for upward and downward flame spread, heat of gasification, nondimensional heat of gasification (1)2 and the Φ flame spread parameter (see Test Method E1321). While some studies have indicated that this test method is suitable for determining these fire parameters, insufficient testing and research have been done to justify inclusion of the corresponding testing and calculating procedures.
1.5 The heat release rate is determined by the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry, via measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and flow rate in the exhaust product stream (exhaust duct). The procedure is specified in 11.1. Smoke development is quantified by measuring the obscuration of light by the combustion product stream (exhaust duct).
1.6 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux in the range of 0 to 50 kW/m2  in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen during the ignition and heat release tests. The assessment of the parameters associated with flame spread requires the use of line burners instead of hot wire ignitors.
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ASTM E136-22(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Materials that pass this test by complying with the criteria in Section 15 are typically classified as noncombustible materials.
5.2 While actual building fire exposure conditions are not duplicated, this test method will assist in indicating those materials which do not act to aid combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.
5.3 Materials passing the test are permitted limited flaming and other indications of combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers the determination under specified laboratory conditions of the combustibility of building materials. Materials passing this test are typically classified as noncombustible materials.
1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method are shown below.
1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coated materials.
1.2.2 This test method is not suitable or satisfactory for materials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwise separate from the measuring thermocouple.
1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of an intrinsic property.
1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitative measure of heat generation or combustibility; it simply serves as a test method with selected (end point) measures of combustibility.
1.2.5 The test method does not measure the self-heating tendencies of materials.
1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in the nature and form used in building applications. The test specimen consists of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cut from a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses of thin sheets; or (3) placed in a container if composed of granular powder or loose-fiber materials.
1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific test apparatus and test conditions and are likely to vary when changes are made to one or more of the following: (1) the size, shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2) the distribution of organic content; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the air supply; (5) the location of thermocouples.
1.3 This test method includes two options, both of which use a furnace to expose test specimens of building materials to a temperature of 750 °C (1382 °F).
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1.4 This test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.
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Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the duration for which the types of building elements noted in 1.1 contain a fire, retain their structural integrity, or exhibit both properties during a predetermined test exposure.
4.2 The test exposes a test specimen to a standard fire controlled to achieve specified temperatures throughout a specified time period. When required, the fire exposure is followed by the application of a specified standard fire hose stream applied in accordance with Practice E2226. The test provides a relative measure of the fire-test-response of comparable building elements under these fire exposure conditions. The exposure is not representative of all fire conditions because conditions vary with changes in the amount, nature and distribution of fire loading, ventilation, compartment size and configuration, and heat sink characteristics of the compartment. Variation from the test conditions or test specimen construction, such as size, materials, method of assembly, also affects the fire-test-response. For these reasons, evaluation of the variation is required for application to construction in the field.
4.3 The test standard provides for the following:
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4.3.1.1 Measurement of the transmission of heat.
4.3.1.2 Measurement of the transmission of hot gases through the test specimen.
4.3.1.3 For loadbearing elements, measurement of the load carrying ability of the test specimen during the test exposure.
4.3.2 For individual loadbearing members such as beams and columns:
4.3.2.1 Measurement of the load carrying ability under the test exposure with consideration for the end support conditions (that is, restrained or not restrained).
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SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are applicable to assemblies of masonry units and to composite assemblies of structural materials for buildings, including loadbearing and other walls and partitions, columns, girders, beams, slabs, and composite slab and beam assemblies for floors and roofs. They are also applicable to other assemblies and structural units that constitute permanent integral parts of a finished building.
1.2 It is the intent that classifications shall register comparative performance to specific fire-test conditions during the period of exposure and shall not be construed as having determined suitability under other conditions or for use after fire exposure.
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.4 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the test results of building construction assemblies. The results of these tests are one factor in assessing predicted fire performance of building construction and assemblies. Application of these test results to predict the performance of actual building construction requires the evaluation of test conditions.
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Standard Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method addresses the fundamental aspects of piloted ignition and flame spread. The procedure is suitable for the derivation of relevant material flammability parameters that include minimum exposure levels for ignition, thermal-inertia values, and flame-spread properties.
5.2 This test method is used to measure some material-flammability properties that are scientifically constant and compatible and to derive specific properties that allow the prediction and explanation of the flame-spread characteristics of materials. They are considered effective properties that are dependent on the correlations used and when combined with theory can be used over a wide range of fire conditions for predicting material ignition and flame-spread behavior.
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SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response standard determines material properties related to piloted ignition of a vertically oriented sample under a constant and uniform heat flux and to lateral flame spread on a vertical surface due to an externally applied radiant-heat flux.
1.2 The results of this test method provide a minimum surface flux and temperature necessary for ignition ( q˙"o,ig, Tig) and for lateral spread ( q˙"o,s, Ts,min), an effective material thermal inertia value (kρc), and a flame-heating parameter (Φ) pertinent to lateral flame spread.
1.3 The results of this test method are potentially useful to predict the time to ignition, t ig, and the velocity, V, of lateral flame spread on a vertical surface under a specified external flux without forced lateral airflow. Use the equations in Appendix X1 that govern the ignition and flame-spread processes and which have been used to correlate the data.
1.4 This test method is potentially useful to obtain results of ignition and flame spread for materials. Data are reported in units for convenient use in current fire growth models.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Extended Duration Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (30 min Tunnel Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard is useful to establish the relative surface burning characteristics of materials or products under laboratory conditions for a 30 min test period.
5.2 The performance characteristics in the conditions of classification are intended to be used in specific applications as required by building codes or other regulatory requirements or specifications.
5.3 This test method does not provide the measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface.
5.4 This test method does not provide the classification or definition of a material or product as noncombustible, by means of the results from this standard test or flame spread index by itself.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this fire-test-response standard is to evaluate the ability of a product to limit the surface spread of flame when evaluated for 30 min. This fire-test-response standard uses the apparatus and procedure of Test Method E84 with the total test period extended to 30 min.
1.2 Building applications affecting fire and life safety often require products with specific criteria for surface spread of flame and flame spread index. The resulting performance characteristics included in the conditions of classification for this fire-test-response standard are intended to be used for regulatory purposes to determine the suitability of materials or products for use in buildings under specified conditions where significantly reduced surface burning characteristics are required.
1.3 Materials and products that are beyond the scope of Test Method E84 are beyond the scope of this standard.
1.4 Materials or products which melt, drip or delaminate to the extent that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed are beyond the scope of this standard.
Note 1: Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame-front is destroyed, results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place. Materials or products that melt, drip, or delaminate, or that cannot support their own weight, have the potential for demonstrating reduced flame spread results as compared to the flame spread results where the materials or products remain in place during testing.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
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1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.