ASTM F218-95(2000)

Standard Test Method for Analyzing Stress in Glass

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis of stress in glass by means of a polarimeter based on the principles developed by de Senarmont and Friedel (1,2). Stress is evaluated as a function of optical retardation. Retardation is expressed as the angle of rotation of an analyzing polarizer that causes extinction in the glass.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-1999
• ICS: 81.040.01 - Glass in general
• Technical Committee: C14 - Glass and Glass Products
• Drafting Committee: C14.04 - Physical and Mechanical Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F218-95 - Standard Test Method for Analyzing Stress in Glass
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Replaced By: ASTM F218-05 - Standard Test Method for Analyzing Stress in Glass
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2005
• Referred By: ASTM C770-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress—Optical Coefficient
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM F140-98(2020) - Standard Practice for Making Reference Glass-Metal Butt Seals and Testing for Expansion Characteristics by Polarimetric Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E671-98(2022) - Standard Specification for Maximum Permissible Thermal Residual Stress in Annealed Glass Laboratory Apparatus
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM C978-04(2019) - Standard Test Method for Photoelastic Determination of Residual Stress in a Transparent Glass Matrix Using a Polarizing Microscope and Optical Retardation Compensation Procedures
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM C1426-14(2020) - Standard Practices for Verification and Calibration of Polarimeters
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM C1422/C1422M-20a - Standard Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM F14-80(2019) - Standard Practice for Making and Testing Reference Glass-Metal Bead-Seal
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM F144-80(2019) - Standard Practice for Making Reference Glass-Metal Sandwich Seal and Testing for Expansion Characteristics by Polarimetric Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F218–95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
1
Analyzing Stress in Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 218; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the analysis of stress in glass by
meansofapolarimeterbasedontheprinciplesdevelopedbyde
2
Sénarmont and Friedel (1,2). Stress is evaluated as a function
of optical retardation. Retardation is expressed as the angle of
A—Light source (white, sodium vapor, or mercury vapor arc)
rotation of an analyzing polarizer that causes extinction in the
B—Filter (used only with mercury arc light)
glass.
C—Diffuser
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D—Polarizer
E—Immersion cell
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
F—Full-wave plate (used only with white light)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
G—Quarter-wave plate
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
H—Analyzer
I—Telescope
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
FIG. 1 Polarimeter
2. Polarimeter
2.1 The polarimeter shall consist of an arrangement similar
Dibutyl phthalate (refractive index 1.489), and tricresyl phosphate (index
to that shown in Fig. 1. A description of each component 1.555) may be mixed to produce any desired refractive index between the
two limits, the refractive index being a linear function of the proportion of
follows:
one liquid to the other. Other liquids that may be used are:
2.1.1 Source of Light—Either a white light or a monochro-
Liquid Refractive Index
matic source such as sodium light (l 589 nm) or a mercury-
vapor arc lamp of the high-pressure type, preferably the latter.
Cinnamic aldehyde 1.62
Oil of cassia 1.61
NOTE 1—The white light should provide a source of illumination with
Monochlorobenzene 1.525
solar temperature of at least that of Illuminant A.
Carbon tetrachloride 1.463
Dipentene (Eastman) 1.473
2.1.2 Filter— In order to render the light monochromatic, a
narrow band-pass filter should be used. NOTE 3—Cases may arise where the refraction liquid may contaminate
the specimen. If it is viewed through sides that are essentially parallel
2.1.3 Diffuser—A piece of opal glass or a ground glass of
elimination of the liquid will cause only a minor error. However, when
photographic quality.
viewing through sides that are not parallel, the use of a refraction liquid is
2.1.4 Polarizer—Apolarizing element housed in a rotatable
essential.
mount capable of being locked in a fixed position.
2.1.6 Full-Wave (Sensitive Tint) Plate, having a retardation
2.1.5 Immersion Cell—Rectangular glass jar with strain-
of 565 nm which produces, with white light, a violet-red color.
free sides filled with a liquid having the same index of
It should be housed in a rotatable mount capable of being
refraction as the glass specimen to be measured. It may be
locked in a fixed position.
surmounted with a suitable device for holding and rotating the
2.1.7 Quarter-Wave Plate, having a retardation equivalent
specimen, such that it does not stress the specimen.
to one quarter of the wavelength of light being used. It should
NOTE 2—Suitableindexliquidsmaybepurchasedormixedasrequired.
be housed in a rotable mount capable of being locked in a fixed
position.
1 2.1.8 Analyzer—Identical to the polarizer. It should be
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
housed in a rotatable mount capable of being locked in a fixed
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.04 on
Physical and Mechanical Properties.
position. This mount must then be housed within a graduated
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995. Originally
mount capable of being rotated 360°.
published as B 218 – 50. Last previous edition F 218 – 68 (1989).
2
2.1.9 Telescope, short-focus, having a suitable magnifying
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the reports and papers appearing
in the list of references at the end of this test method. power over the usable focusing range.
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F218
3. Setup of Polarimeter of the full-wave plate) to have opposite meanings. Table 1 and
Table 2 define these meanings in whatever is being measured
3.1 As usually employed, the polarimeter measures retarda-
or observed with the “slow” ray directions in either the
tions in a vertical or a horizontal direction. This is accom-
standard or t
...