ASTM D4491-99a(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.
As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken when attempting to apply the results of these test methods to the field performance of a geotextile.
Since there are geotextiles of various thicknesses in use, evaluation in terms of their Darcy coefficient of permeabilities can be misleading. In many instances, it is more significant to evaluate the quantity of water that would pass through a geotextile under a given head over a particular cross-sectional area; this is expressed as permittivity.
If the permeability of an individual geotextile is of importance, a nominal coefficient of permeability, as related to ge...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are two procedures: the constant head method and the falling head method.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units stated in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4491 − 99a(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4491; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining 3.1 Definitions:
the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles 3.1.1 geotechnics, n—the application of scientific methods
in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation,
the uncompressed state. Included are two procedures: the and use of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the
constant head method and the falling head method. solution of engineering problems.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering
standard. The inch-pound units stated in parentheses are
aspects of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sci-
provided for information only.
ences.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
solely of textiles.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 permeability, n—the rate of flow of a liquid under a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
differential pressure through a material.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The nominal thickness is used as it is
2. Referenced Documents
difficult to evaluate the pressure on the geotextile during the
2
test, thereby making it difficult to determine the thickness of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the fabric under these test conditions.
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
3.1.4 permeability, n— of geotextiles, hydraulic conductiv-
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids ity.
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
3.1.5 permittivity, (ψ), (T−1), n—of geotextiles, the volu-
D5199Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
metric flow rate of water per unit cross sectional area per unit
of Geosynthetics
head under laminar flow conditions, in the normal direction
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
through a geotextile.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3.1.6 For the definitions of other terms relating to
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
geotextiles, refer toTerminology D4439. For the definitions of
Detailed Drawing and Materials List for Construction, 10
textile terms, refer to Terminology D123. For the definition of
3
Drawings
coefficient of permeability, refer to Terminology D653.
4. Summary of Test Methods
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
4.1 These test methods describe procedures for determining
Geosynthetics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on
Permeability and Filtration. the permittivity of geotextiles using constant head or falling
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
head test procedures, as follows:
ϵ1
apporoved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4491–04 . DOI:
4.1.1 ConstantHeadTest—Aheadof50mm(2in.)ofwater
10.1520/D4491-99R09.
2
is maintained on the geotextile throughout the test. The
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
quantity of flow is measured versus time. The constant head
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
test is used when the flow rate of water through the geotextile
the ASTM website.
3 is so large that it is difficult to obtain readings of head change
Detailed drawings and a materials list for construction are available from
ASTM Headquarters. Request adjunct No. ADJD4491. versus time in the falling head test.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4491 − 99a (2009)
NOTE 1—Data has shown agreement between the falling and constant
6.1.1 The apparatus must be capable of maintaining a
4
head methods of determining permittivity of geotextiles. Selection of the
constant head of water on the geotextile being tested, or
test method, that is, constant or falling head, is left to the technician
6.1.2 Theapparat
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D4491–99a (Reapproved 2004) Designation:D4491–99a (Reapproved
2009)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4491; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Adjunct references were corrected editorially in June 2006.
1. Scope
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverproceduresfordeterminingthehydraulicconductivity(waterpermeability)ofgeotextilesinterms
ofpermittivityunderstandardtestingconditions,intheuncompressedstate.Includedaretwoprocedures:theconstantheadmethod
and the falling head method.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The inch-pound units stated in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
Detailed Drawing and Materials List for Construction, 10 Drawings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 geotechnics, n—the application of scientific methods and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation, and use
of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the solution of engineering problems.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering aspects
of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sciences.
3.1.2 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.
3.1.3 permeability, n—the rate of flow of a liquid under a differential pressure through a material.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The nominal thickness is used as it is difficult to evaluate the pressure on the geotextile during the test,
thereby making it difficult to determine the thickness of the fabric under these test conditions.
3.1.4 permeability, n— of geotextiles, hydraulic conductivity.
3.1.5 permittivity, (c), (T−1), n—of geotextiles, the volumetric flow rate of water per unit cross sectional area per unit head
under laminar flow conditions, in the normal direction through a geotextile.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability and
Filtration.
Current edition approved April 7, 2006. Published March 2000. Originally apporoved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D4491–99a. DOI:
10.1520/D4491-99AR04E01.
´1
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally apporoved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4491–04 . DOI:
10.1520/D4491-99R09.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Detailed drawings and a materials list for construction are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request adjunct No. ADJD4491.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4491–99a (2009)
3.1.6 For the definitions of other terms relating to geotextiles, refer to Terminology D4439. For the definitions of textile terms,
refer to Terminology D123. For the definition of coefficient of permeability, refer to Terminology D653.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 These test methods describe procedures for determining the permittivity of geotextiles using constant head or falling head
test procedures, as follows:
4.1.1 Constant Head Test—Ahead of 50 mm (2 in.) of water is maintained on the geotextile throughout the test. The quantity
of flow is measured versus time. The constant
...
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