ASTM D3359-23

Standard Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In order for a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate, the coating must remain adhered to the substrate. Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack thereof) have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments, or of different coatings to the same substrate, is of considerable usefulness in the industry.  
5.2 This test method is limited to evaluating lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3). The intra- and inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other test methods for coated substrates (for example, Test Method D2370 and Test Method D4060), and is insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion. Limiting the range of rankings from 0 to 5 reflects the inability of this test method to make fine distinctions between levels of adhesion. Users shall not use intermediate values for ranking adhesion tests within this method.  
5.3 Extremes in temperatures or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.  
5.4 A given tape may not adhere equally well to different coatings due to several factors, including differences in coating composition and topology. As such, no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings. Furthermore, these test methods do not give an absolute value for the force required for bond rupture, but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded (1, 2).6  
5.5 Operators performing these test methods must be trained and practiced in order to obtain consistent results. The accuracy and precision of the test result obtained by using these methods depends largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator's ability to perform the test in a consistent manner. Key steps that directly reflect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sampl...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of relatively ductile coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.  
1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended to rate the adhesion of coatings and coating systems greater than 125 μm (5 mils) in total thickness, while Test Method B is primarily intended to rate the adhesion of coatings and coating systems less than 125 μm (5 mils) in total thickness. Test Method B is not considered suitable for films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils) unless wider spaced cuts are employed and there is an explicit agreement between the purchaser and seller. If the thickness of the coating or coating system has not been predetermined, employ the use of a standard such as Practice D7091 or other appropriate standard agreed upon by interested parties prior to proceeding.  
1.3 These test methods are used to evaluate whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is adequate for the user’s application. They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.  
1.4 This test method is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 2409.  
1.5 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization es...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2023
• ICS: 83.180 - Adhesives
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.23 - Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D1730-09(2020) - Standard Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM D823-17 - Standard Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM D3924-16 - Standard Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Refers: ASTM D1730-09(2014) - Standard Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Refers: ASTM D823-95(2012) - Standard Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Refers: ASTM D609-00(2012) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Refers: ASTM D7091-12 - Standard Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2012
• Refers: ASTM D3924-80(2011) - Standard Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Refers: ASTM D2370-98(2010) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Refers: ASTM D3330/D3330M-04(2010) - Standard Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2010
• Refers: ASTM D4060-10 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Refers: ASTM D1730-09 - Standard Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2009
• Refers: ASTM D4060-07 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2007
• Refers: ASTM D823-95(2007) - Standard Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2007
• Refers: ASTM D609-00(2006) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating Products
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2006

Overview

ASTM D3359-23 – Standard Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test provides widely recognized procedures to assess the adhesion of ductile coating films to metallic substrates. Using these tape test methods, industries can quickly determine if coatings adhere effectively to various substrates, a crucial factor in ensuring both protection and decorative functions of the coating. These test methods are extensively applied for quality control and comparative evaluation in manufacturing and field environments.

The standard outlines two core test methods, distinguished primarily by their suitability for different coating thicknesses. Test Method A evaluates coatings thicker than 125 µm (5 mils), while Test Method B is intended for coatings less than 125 µm (5 mils). The tape test allows producers, contractors, and inspectors to easily check whether a coating layer meets the minimum adhesion requirements.

Key Topics

• Scope: Assesses adhesion of relatively ductile coatings on metallic substrates through the application and removal of pressure-sensitive tape over precisely made cuts in the coating.
• Test Methods:
  • Test Method A (X-cut test): Intended for thicker coatings; involves making an X-shaped incision and applying tape over the cut.
  • Test Method B (Cross-cut test): Designed for thinner coatings; involves creating a lattice pattern of cuts and applying tape over the grid.
• Rating Scale: Adhesion is ranked on a qualitative 0-5 scale (0A to 5A for Method A, 0B to 5B for Method B), based on the visible amount of coating removed after tape removal. No intermediate values are allowed.
• Limitations: These methods are best suited for identifying significant differences in adhesion. They do not quantify the exact force required for bond rupture and are not intended for precise measurement of high adhesion levels.
• Influencing Factors: Adhesion results can be affected by substrate type, surface preparation, tape properties, environmental conditions (temperature, humidity), and operator technique.
• Operator Proficiency: Consistency and accuracy depend greatly on the skill and training of the person conducting the test.

Applications

ASTM D3359-23 tape test methods are broadly utilized across industries such as automotive, aerospace, marine, construction, and manufacturing, wherever protective or decorative coatings are applied to metals. Typical applications include:

• Quality Control: Verifying coating adhesion during production to ensure compliance with specifications.
• Field Inspections: On-site evaluation of painted or coated structures for maintenance or warranty checks.
• Comparative Testing: Comparing the effectiveness of different surface preparations, primer or topcoat formulations, or coating applicators.
• Process Optimization: Identifying problematic adhesion before more costly failures occur in service.

Practical advantages of these methods include their simplicity, speed, and low cost compared to more sophisticated laboratory tests. Both methods are also commonly adopted in specifications and contracts as a go-to procedure for baseline adhesion assessment.

Related Standards

Several ASTM and international standards complement or relate to ASTM D3359-23:

• ASTM D2370: Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings
• ASTM D4060: Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
• ASTM D609: Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paints and Coatings
• ASTM D7091: Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Coatings
• ASTM D3330/D3330M: Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape
• ISO 2409: Cross-cut test for paints and varnishes (similar, but not technically equivalent to D3359)
• PSTC 101: Peel Adhesion of Pressure Sensitive Tapes

By adhering to ASTM D3359-23 and its related standards, organizations can ensure consistent, reliable evaluation of coating adhesion, supporting product longevity and reducing the risk of coating failures.

Keywords: ASTM D3359, tape test, adhesion rating, coating adhesion, cross-cut test, X-cut adhesion, painted metals, pressure-sensitive tape, quality control, coating evaluation.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3359 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
adhesion of relatively ductile coating films to metallic sub-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
strates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
cuts made in the film.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended to rate the adhesion
of coatings and coating systems greater than 125 μm (5 mils) in
2. Referenced Documents
total thickness, while Test Method B is primarily intended to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
rate the adhesion of coatings and coating systems less than
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
125 μm (5 mils) in total thickness. Test Method B is not
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
considered suitable for films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils)
Related Coating Products
unless wider spaced cuts are employed and there is an explicit
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
agreement between the purchaser and seller. If the thickness of
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
the coating or coating system has not been predetermined,
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
employ the use of a standard such as Practice D7091 or other
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
appropriate standard agreed upon by interested parties prior to
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
proceeding.
of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
1.3 These test methods are used to evaluate whether the
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
adhesion of a coating to a substrate is adequate for the user’s
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
application. They do not distinguish between higher levels of
D2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized)
adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measure-
Steel Surfaces for Painting (Withdrawn 2008)
ment are required.
D2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coat-
ings
1.4 This test method is similar in content (but not techni-
D3330/D3330M Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-
cally equivalent) to ISO 2409.
Sensitive Tape
1.5 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur be-
D3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Condi-
tween coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the
tioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
substrate is not determined.
Materials
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
only.
2.2 Other Standards:
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ISO 2409 Paint and Varnishes — Cross-cut test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the PSTC 101 International Standard for Peel Adhesion of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint the ASTM website.
Films. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.ast-
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2023. Published March 2023. Originally m.org.
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D3359 – 22. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D3359-23. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3359 − 23
Pressure Sensitive Tape 4.2.1 Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the
seller, Test Method B can be used for films thicker than 125 μm
3. Terminology
(5 mils) if wider spaced cuts are employed.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5. Significance and Use
3.1.1 adhesion, n—the molecular attraction and mechanical
bonds between a coating and its substrate.
5.1 In order for a coating is to fulfill its function of
protecting or decorating a substrate, the coating must remain
3.1.2 batch, n—as it pertains to tape, a unique production
adhered to the substrate. Because the substrate and its surface
run during manufacturing.
preparation (or lack thereof) have a drastic effect on the
3.1.3 blemish, n—an obvious surface flaw, such as cracking
adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a
or discoloration of the coating.
coating to different substrates or surface treatments, or of
3.1.4 environmental conditions, n—the characteristics of the
different coatings to the same substrate, is of considerable
immediate surroundings during the tests, such as temperature,
usefulness in the industry.
and relative humidity.
5.2 This test method is limited to evaluating lower levels of
3.1.5 immersion conditions, n—the characteristics of the
adhesion (see 1.3). The intra- and inter-laboratory precision of
fluid to which the test specimen was exposed, such as type of
this test method is similar to other test methods for coated
fluid, temperature of fluid and duration of immersion.
substrates (for example, Test Method D2370 and Test Method
3.1.6 lap, n—one complete turn of the tape on a roll; the
D4060), and is insensitive to all but large differences in
outer exposed layer of tape.
adhesion. Limiting the range of rankings from 0 to 5 reflects
the inability of this test method to make fine distinctions
3.1.7 lattice pattern, n—one series of parallel lines inter-
between levels of adhesion. Users shall not use intermediate
sected by another set of parallel lines that are at 90° to and
values for ranking adhesion tests within this method.
centered on the first set.
3.1.8 mean, n—the classification rating that is obtained by 5.3 Extremes in temperatures or relative humidity may
affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.
adding together the digits of the classification ratings of the
tests performed and dividing by the number of tests, frequently
5.4 A given tape may not adhere equally well to different
rounded to the nearest whole number classification rating.
coatings due to several factors, including differences in coating
3.1.9 pressure-sensitive tape, n—tape with an adhesive that
composition and topology. As such, no single tape is likely to
requires some degree of pressure, and only pressure, to be suitable for testing all coatings. Furthermore, these test
adequately bond to a surface.
methods do not give an absolute value for the force required for
bond rupture, but serves only as an indicator that some
3.1.10 range, n—the span of classification ratings for a set
minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded (1, 2).
of tests, from minimum classification rating to maximum
classification rating.
5.5 Operators performing these test methods must be trained
and practiced in order to obtain consistent results. The accuracy
3.1.11 solvent, n—a liquid agent capable of dissolving or
and precision of the test result obtained by using these methods
dispersing contaminants from the surface of the coating or film.
depends largely upon the skill of the operator and the opera-
3.1.12 substrate, n—the structural foundation beneath the
tor’s ability to perform the test in a consistent manner. Key
coating or film being tested.
steps that directly reflect the importance of operator skill
3.1.13 template, n—a thin, rigid plate containing evenly
include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual
distributed, parallel slits for use as a guide in generating the
assessment of the tested sample. It is not unexpected that
lattice pattern when accompanied by a single-blade cutting
different operators might obtain different results (1, 2).
tool.
5.6 The standard requires that the free end of the tape be
3.1.14 test specimen, n—the object whose coatings adhesion
removed rapidly at as close to a 180° angle as possible. When
is of interest.
the peel angle and rate vary, the force required to remove the
tape can change dramatically due to the rheological properties
4. Summary of Test Methods
of the backing and adhesive. Variation in pull rate and peel
4.1 Test Method A—An X-cut is made through the film to
angle can effect large differences in test values and must be
the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and
minimized to assure reproducibility (3).
then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on a 0 to
NOTE 1—These test methods have been reported being used to measure
5 scale.
adhesion of organic coatings on non-metallic substrates (for example,
wood and plastic), although related precision and bias data is lacking. If
4.2 Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or
testing coatings on non-metallic substrates, either Test Method A or Test
eleven cuts in each direction is made through the film to the
Method B may be more appropriate and the method employed should be
substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice
discussed by interested parties. Issues with plastic substrates are noted in
pattern and then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualita- Appendix X1. A similar test method, ISO 2409, permits tests on
non-metallic substrates (for example, wood and plaster). Precision and
tively on a 0 to 5 scale.
5 6
Available from the Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC), 1833 Centre Point The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
Circle, Suite 123, Naperville, IL 60563, http://www.pstc.org. this test method.
D3359 − 23
bias data on the latter is lacking. Test Method D3359 was developed with
solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then
metal as the substrate and, in the absence of supporting precision and bias
dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the
data, is so limited.
purchaser and the seller.
8.2 Make two cuts in the film each about 40 mm (1.5 in.)
TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST
long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of
between 30° and 45°. When making the incisions, use the
6. Apparatus and Materials
straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one
steady motion.
6.1 Cutting Tool—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other
fine-edged cutting device. The cutting edges shall be in good
8.3 Inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the
condition, preferably new or newly sharpened.
metal substrate to establish that the coating film has been
penetrated. If the substrate has not been reached make another
6.2 Cutting Guide—Steel or other hard metal straightedge to
X in a different location. Do not attempt to deepen a previous
ensure straight cuts.
cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.
6.3 Tape—25 mm (1.0 in.) wide transparent or semitrans-
8.4 At each day of testing, before initiation of testing,
parent pressure-sensitive tape with an adhesive peel strength
remove two complete laps of tape from the roll and discard.
between 6.34 N/cm (58 oz/in.) and 7.00 N/cm (64 oz/in.), as
Remove an additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked)
tested in accordance with Test Method D3330/D3330M, Test
rate and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long.
Method A, (equivalent to PSTC 101) and utilizing a 90 second
dwell time on a standard steel panel.
8.5 Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts
6.3.1 Other tapes may be used by agreement between the
with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller
parties involved.
angles. Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the
6.3.2 Due to variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-
incisions taking care not to entrap air under the tape. Rub
batch and changes in adhesion properties of tapes over time,
firmly over the surface of the tape with the pressure application
tape from the same batch shall be used when tests are to be run
device until the color is uniform in appearance. This indicates
in different laboratories. When use of the same batch is not
good, uniform contact between the tape’s adhesive and the
followed the test method shall be used only for ranking a series
coating surface.
of test coatings. Refer to X1.5 for additional information.
8.6 Within 90 s 6 30 s of application, remove the tape by
6.4 Pressure Application Device—Although other devices
seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked) back
may suffice, a rubber eraser or rubber roller is commonly used
upon itself at as close to an angle of 180° as possible.
to ensure good and uniform wetting of the coating with the
8.7 Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the
adhesive of the tape.
substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accor-
6.5 Illumination—A light source is helpful in determining
dance with the following scale, illustrated in Fig. 1:
whether the cuts have been made through the film to the
5A No peeling or removal,
substrate.
4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,
3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6 mm ( ⁄16 in.) on either side,
2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2 mm ( ⁄8 in.) on either
7. Test Specimens
side,
1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape, and
7.1 When this test method is used in the field, the specimen
0A Removal beyond the area of the X.
is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be
8.8 Repeat the test in two other locations on the test surface.
evaluated.
For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the
7.2 For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to
adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface.
panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is
8.9 After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and,
desired to determine the adhesion.
if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading
NOTE 2—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation
lightly on a fine oil stone before using again. Discard cutting
methods are given in Practice D609 and Practices D1730 and D2092.
tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the film.
NOTE 3—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D823,
or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
9. Report
NOTE 4—If desired or specified, the coated test panels may be subjected
to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion, salt spray, or high 9.1 Report the substrate employed, the type of coating and
humidity before conducting the tape test. The conditions and time of
the method of cure, if known.
exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon
9.2 Report the number of tests, their mean and range.
between the purchaser and seller.
9.3 Report the adhesion strength of the pressure-sensitive
8. Procedure
tape determined in accordance with Test Method D3330/
8.1 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface D3330M, Test Method A, (equivalent to PSTC 101) and
imperfections. The area chosen for testing shall be clean and utilizing a 90 second dwell time on a standard steel panel.
dry. 9.3.1 Where the adhesion strength of the tape has not been
8.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After determined, report the specific product name of the tape used,
immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate the manufacturer and the lot number, if available.
D3359 − 23
standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for
judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence
level:
10.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a
large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be
considered suspect if they differ by more than 1 rating unit for
two measurements.
10.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of
triplicates, obtained by different operators should be consid-
ered suspect if they differ by more than 1.5 rating units.
10.2 Bias cannot be established for these test methods.
TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST
11. Apparatus and Materials
11.1 Cutting Tool —Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or
other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between 15°
and 30° that will make either a single cut or several cuts at
once. The cutting edge shall be in good condition, preferably
new or newly sharpened.
11.2 Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually (as opposed
to a mechanical apparatus) a steel or other hard metal straight-
edge or template to ensure straight cuts.
11.3 Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in 0.5 mm for
measuring individual cuts.
11.4 Tape, as described in 6.3.
11.5 Pressure Application Device, as described in 6.4.
11.6 Illumination, as described in 6.5.
11.7 Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be
used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.
FIG. 1 Classification of Adhesion Test Results for Test Method A
12. Test Specimens
12.1 Test specimens shall be as described in Section 7. It
9.4 Report an estimate of the interface at which the coating
should be noted, however, that multitip cutters provide good
failure occurred as indicated by visible peeling or removal of
results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges
the coating. For example, between the first coat and substrate,
contact the substrate to the same degree. Check for flatness
between the first and second coats, etc.
with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule
(11.3).
9.5 For field tests, report the type of coating (where known),
the structure or article tested, the location and the environmen-
13. Procedure
tal conditions at the time of testing.
9.6 If the test is performed after immersion, report immer- 13.1 Where required or when agreed upon, subject the
specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test
sion conditions, time between immersion and testing, and
method of sample preparation. (see Note 4). After drying or testing the coating, conduct the
tape test at room temperature as defined in Specification
10. Precision and Bias
D3924, unless D3924 standard temperature is required or
agreed.
10.1 In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which
operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement
on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of
adhesion, the within-laboratories standard deviation was found Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing
equipment for the paint industry.
to be 0.33 and the between-laboratories 0.44. Based on these
The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces known
to the committee at this time is Paul N. Gardner Co., 316 NE First St., Pompano
Beach, FL 33060. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1008. Contact ASTM Customer careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
Service at [e-mail]. you may attend.
D3359 − 23
13.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After
immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate
solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then
dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the
purchaser and the seller.
13.2 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface
imperfections, place on a firm base, and under the illuminated
magnifier, make parallel cuts as follows:
13.2.1 For coatings having a dry film thickness up to and
including 50 μm (2 mils) sp
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3359 − 22 D3359 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of relatively ductile coating films to metallic substrates by
applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.
1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use in the fieldto rate the adhesion of coatings and coating systems greater than 125 μm
(5 mils) in total thickness, while Test Method B is more suitable for use in laboratory or shop environments. Also, primarily
intended to rate the adhesion of coatings and coating systems less than 125 μm (5 mils) in total thickness. Test Method B is not
considered suitable for films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils) unless wider spaced cuts are employed and there is an explicit agreement
between the purchaser and seller. If the thickness of the coating or coating system has not been predetermined, employ the use of
a standard such as Practice D7091 or other appropriate standard agreed upon by interested parties prior to proceeding.
1.3 These test methods are used to evaluate whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is adequate for the user’s application.
They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.
1.4 This test method is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 2409.
1.5 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is
not determined.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
Current edition approved July 1, 2022Feb. 1, 2023. Published July 2022March 2023. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 20172022 as
D3359 – 17.D3359 – 22. DOI: 10.1520/D3359-22.10.1520/D3359-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3359 − 23
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating
Products
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals
and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
D1000 Test Methods for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applications
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
D2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting (Withdrawn 2008)
D2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings
D3330/D3330M Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape
D3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
2.2 Other Standards:
ISO 2409 Paint and Varnishes — Cross-cut test
PSTC 101 International Standard for Peel Adhesion of Pressure Sensitive Tape
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 adhesion, n—the molecular attraction and mechanical bonds between a coating and its substrate.
3.1.2 batch, n—as it pertains to tape, a unique production run during manufacturing.
3.1.3 blemish, n—an obvious surface flaw, such as cracking or discoloration of the coating.
3.1.4 environmental conditions, n—the characteristics of the immediate surroundings during the tests, such as temperature, and
relative humidity.
3.1.5 immersion conditions, n—the characteristics of the fluid to which the test specimen was exposed, such as type of fluid,
temperature of fluid and duration of immersion.
3.1.6 lap, n—one complete turn of the tape on a roll; the outer exposed layer of tape.
3.1.7 lattice pattern, n—one series of parallel lines intersected by another set of parallel lines that are at 90° to and centered on
the first set.
3.1.8 mean, n—the classification rating that is obtained by adding together the digits of the classification ratings of the tests
performed and dividing by the number of tests, frequently rounded to the nearest whole number classification rating.
3.1.9 pressure-sensitive tape, n—tape with an adhesive that requires some degree of pressure, and only pressure, to adequately
bond to a surface.
3.1.10 range, n—the span of classification ratings for a set of tests, from minimum classification rating to maximum classification
rating.
3.1.11 solvent, n—a liquid agent capable of dissolving or dispersing contaminants from the surface of the coating or film.
3.1.12 substrate, n—the structural foundation beneath the coating or film being tested.
3.1.13 template, n—a thin, rigid plate containing evenly distributed, parallel slits for use as a guide in generating the lattice pattern
when accompanied by a single-blade cutting tool.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from the Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC), 1833 Centre Point Circle, Suite 123, Naperville, IL 60563, http://www.pstc.org.
D3359 − 23
3.1.14 test specimen, n—the object whose coatings adhesion is of interest.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Test Method A—An X-cut is made through the film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then
removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on a 0 to 5 scale.
4.2 Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made through the film to the substrate,
pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice pattern and then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on a 0 to 5 scale.
4.2.1 Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller, Test Method B can be used for films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils)
if wider spaced cuts are employed.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 In order for a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate, the coating must remain adhered to the
substrate. Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack thereof) have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a
method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments, or of different coatings to the same substrate,
is of considerable usefulness in the industry.
5.2 This test method is limited to evaluating lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3). The intra- and inter-laboratory precision of this
test method is similar to other test methods for coated substrates (for example, Test Method D2370 and Test Method D4060), and
is insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion. Limiting the range of rankings from 0 to 5 reflects the inability of this test
method to make fine distinctions between levels of adhesion. Users shall not use intermediate values for ranking adhesion tests
within this method.
5.3 Extremes in temperatures or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.
5.4 A given tape may not adhere equally well to different coatings due to several factors, including differences in coating
composition and topology. As such, no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings. Furthermore, these test methods
do not give an absolute value for the force required for bond rupture, but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value
for bond strength was met or exceeded (1, 2).
5.5 Operators performing these test methods must be trained and practiced in order to obtain consistent results. The accuracy and
precision of the test result obtained by using these methods depends largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator’s ability
to perform the test in a consistent manner. Key steps that directly reflect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate
of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sample. It is not unexpected that different operators might obtain different
results (1, 2).
5.6 The standard requires that the free end of the tape be removed rapidly at as close to a 180° angle as possible. When the peel
angle and rate vary, the force required to remove the tape can change dramatically due to the rheological properties of the backing
and adhesive. Variation in pull rate and peel angle can effect large differences in test values and must be minimized to assure
reproducibility (3).
NOTE 1—These test methods have been reported being used to measure adhesion of organic coatings on non-metallic substrates (for example, wood and
plastic), although related precision and bias data is lacking. If testing coatings on non-metallic substrates, either Test Method A or Test Method B may
be more appropriate and the method employed should be discussed by interested parties. Issues with plastic substrates are noted in Appendix X1. A similar
test method, ISO 2409, permits tests on non-metallic substrates (for example, wood and plaster). Precision and bias data on the latter is lacking. Test
Method D3359 was developed with metal as the substrate and, in the absence of supporting precision and bias data, is so limited.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test method.
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TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1 Cutting Tool—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other fine-edged cutting device. The cutting edges shall be in good condition,
preferably new or newly sharpened.
6.2 Cutting Guide—Steel or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts.
6.3 Tape—25-mm (1.0-in.)25 mm (1.0 in.) wide transparent or semitransparent pressure-sensitive tape with an adhesive peel
strength between 6.34 N/cm (58 oz/in.) and 7.00 N/cm (64 oz/in.), as tested in accordance with Test Method D3330/D3330M, Test
Method A, (equivalent to PSTC 101) and utilizing a 90 second dwell time on a standard steel panel.
6.3.1 Other tapes may be used by agreement between the parties involved.
6.3.2 Due to variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and changes in adhesion properties of tapes over time, tape from
the same batch shall be used when tests are to be run in different laboratories. When use of the same batch is not followed the test
method shall be used only for ranking a series of test coatings. Refer to X1.5 for additional informationinformation.
6.4 Pressure Application Device—Although other devices may suffice, a rubber eraser or rubber roller is commonly used to ensure
good and uniform wetting of the coating with the adhesive of the tape.
6.5 Illumination—A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made through the film to the substrate.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 When this test method is used in the field, the specimen is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be
evaluated.
7.2 For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is desired
to determine the adhesion.
NOTE 2—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation methods are given in Practice D609 and Practices D1730 and D2092.
NOTE 3—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D823, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
NOTE 4—If desired or specified, the coated test panels may be subjected to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion, salt spray, or high humidity
before conducting the tape test. The conditions and time of exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon between the
purchaser and seller.
8. Procedure
8.1 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections. The area chosen for testing shall be clean and dry.
8.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which
will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the
seller.
8.2 Make two cuts in the film each about 40 mm (1.5 in.) long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of between
3030° and 45°. When making the incisions, use the straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one steady motion.
8.3 Inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the metal substrate to establish that the coating film has been penetrated. If
the substrate has not been reached make another X in a different location. Do not attempt to deepen a previous cut as this may
affect adhesion along the incision.
D3359 − 23
8.4 At each day of testing, before initiation of testing, remove two complete laps of tape from the roll and discard. Remove an
additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long.
8.5 Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles.
Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the incisions taking care not to entrap air under the tape. Rub firmly over the
surface of the tape with the pressure application device until the color is uniform in appearance. This indicates good, uniform
contact between the tape’s adhesive and the coating surface.
8.6 Within 9090 s 6 30 s of application, remove the tape by seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked) back upon
itself at as close to an angle of 180° as possible.
8.7 Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accordance with
the following scale, illustrated in Fig. 1:
5A No peeling or removal,
4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,
3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6 mm ( ⁄16 in.) on either side,
2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2 mm ( ⁄8 in.) on either
side,
1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape, and
0A Removal beyond the area of the X.
FIG. 1 Classification of Adhesion Test Results for Test Method A
D3359 − 23
8.8 Repeat the test in two other locations on the test surface. For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion
evaluation is representative of the whole surface.
8.9 After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and, if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly
on a fine oil stone before using again. Discard cutting tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the film.
9. Report
9.1 Report the substrate employed, the type of coating and the method of cure, if known.
9.2 Report the number of tests, their mean and range.
9.3 Report the adhesion strength of the pressure-sensitive tape determined in accordance with Test Method D3330/D3330M, Test
Method A, (equivalent to PSTC 101) and utilizing a 90 second dwell time on a standard steel panel.
9.3.1 Where the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined, report the specific product name of the tape used, the
manufacturer and the lot number, if available.
9.4 Report an estimate of the interface at which the coating failure occurred as indicated by visible peeling or removal of the
coating. For example, between the first coat and substrate, between the first and second coats, etc.
9.5 For field tests, report the type of coating (where known), the structure or article tested, the location and the environmental
conditions at the time of testing.
9.6 If the test is performed after immersion, report immersion conditions, time between immersion and testing, and method of
sample preparation.
10. Precision and Bias
10.1 In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three
panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion, the within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be 0.33
and the between-laboratories 0.44. Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for judging the
acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level:
10.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be
considered suspect if they differ by more than 1 rating unit for two measurements.
10.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of triplicates, obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if
they differ by more than 1.5 rating units.
10.2 Bias cannot be established for these test methods.
TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST
11. Apparatus and Materials
11.1 Cutting Tool —Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between 1515° and 30°
that will make either a single cut or several cuts at once. The cutting edge shall be in good condition, preferably new or newly
sharpened.
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1008. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at [e-mail].
Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing equipment for the paint industry.
D3359 − 23
11.2 Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually (as opposed to a mechanical apparatus) a steel or other hard metal straightedge
or template to ensure straight cuts.
11.3 Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in 0.5 mm for measuring individual cuts.
11.4 Tape, as described in 6.3.
11.5 Pressure Application Device, as described in 6.4.
11.6 Illumination, as described in 6.5.
11.7 Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.
12. Test Specimens
12.1 Test specimens shall be as described in Section 7. It should be noted, however, that multitip cutters provide good results only
on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges contact the substrate to the same degree. Check for flatness with a straight edge
such as that of the tempered steel rule (11.3).
13. Procedure
13.1 Where required or when agreed upon, subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (see Note
4). After drying or testing the coating, conduct the tape test at room temperature as defined in Specification D3924, unless D3924
standard temperature is required or agreed.
13.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which
will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the
seller.
13.2 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections, place on a firm base, and under the illuminated magnifier,
make parallel cuts as follows:
13.2.1 For coatings having a dry film thickness up to and including 50 μm (2 mils) space the cuts 1 mm apart and make eleven
cuts unless otherwise agreed upon.
13.2.2 For coatings having a dry film thickness between 50 μm (2 mils) and 125 μm (5 mils), space the cuts 2 mm apart and make
six cuts. For films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils), it is generally recommended to use Test Method A. Subject to agreement between
the purchaser and the seller, Test Method B can be used for films thicker than 125 μm (5 mils) if wider spaced cuts are employed.
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