ASTM D4317-16(2023)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Emulsion Adhesives
Standard Specification for Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Emulsion Adhesives
ABSTRACT
This specification covers polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl acetate copolymer resin emulsion adhesives suitable for use on wood, wood-based substrates, or plastic laminates. This does not cover the group of polyvinyl-based adhesives suitable for bonding flexible films. Adhesives are classified on the basis of water resistance at three performance levels, namely wet-use (Type 1), intermediate use (Type 2), and dry-use (Type 3). Adhesives shall conform to test requirements as performed under the following exposure conditions and treatments: dry shear at specified temperatures; two-cycle boil; 48-hour soak; humidity exposure; freeze-thaw stability; and storage life. Materials shall also adhere to physical properties such as density, nonvolatile matter, and pH.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl acetate copolymer resin emulsion adhesives suitable for use on wood, wood-based substrates, or plastic laminates. It does not cover the group of polyvinyl-based adhesives which are suitable for bonding flexible films.
1.2 The adhesives are classified at three performance levels in accordance with water-resistance as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. See Section 5 for a description of the expected exposure conditions for each class of adhesive. See Table X1.1 for a classification of typical end products that are manufactured using adhesives at the three performance levels covered by this specification.
1.3 The following index is provided as a guide to the test methods portion of this specification:
Section
Tests for Physical Properties
9
Viscosity
9.1.1
Density
9.1.2
Nonvolatiles
9.1.3
pH
9.1.4
Tests for Adhesive Bond
10
Block Shear Strength, Compression
10.2
Plywood Shear Tests
10.3
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis are for information purposes only.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Sections 9 and 10, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4317 − 16 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Emulsion Adhesives
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4317; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This specification is a replacement for Federal Specification MMM-A-180C, Class B, August 6,
1979, Adhesive, Vinyl Acetate Resin Emulsion, which superseded MMM-A-193C, October 26, 1967.
It has been expanded to include the more water-resistant polyvinyl acetate-based adhesives now on the
market, in addition to the less water-resistant ones formerly covered by the Federal Specification.
1. Scope concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety,
1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl
health, and environmental practices and determine the appli-
acetate copolymer resin emulsion adhesives suitable for use on
cability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
wood, wood-based substrates, or plastic laminates. It does not
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
cover the group of polyvinyl-based adhesives which are
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
suitable for bonding flexible films.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 The adhesives are classified at three performance levels
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
in accordance with water-resistance as shown in Table 1 and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Table 2. See Section 5 for a description of the expected
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
exposure conditions for each class of adhesive. See Table X1.1
for a classification of typical end products that are manufac- 2. Referenced Documents
tured using adhesives at the three performance levels covered 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
by this specification.
D905 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
1.3 The following index is provided as a guide to the test Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
methods portion of this specification: D906 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in
Plywood Type Construction in Shear by Tension Loading
Section
Tests for Physical Properties 9
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
Viscosity 9.1.1
D1084 Test Methods for Viscosity of Adhesives
Density 9.1.2
D1490 Test Method for Nonvolatile Content of Urea-
Nonvolatiles 9.1.3
pH 9.1.4
Formaldehyde Resin Solutions
Tests for Adhesive Bond 10
D1875 Test Method for Density of Adhesives in Fluid Form
Block Shear Strength, Compression 10.2
D2556 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Adhesives
Plywood Shear Tests 10.3
Having Shear-Rate-Dependent Flow Properties Using Ro-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
tational Viscometry
standard. The values given in parenthesis are for information
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
purposes only.
ing Machines
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
test method portion, Sections 9 and 10, of this specification:
Glass Electrode
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
E1953 Practice for Description of Thermal Analysis and
Rheology Apparatus
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on
Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on Wood
Adhesives. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4317 – 16. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4317-16R23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4317 − 16 (2023)
TABLE 1 Test Requirements
Test Requirement, Required Tests
Test Section Number
min, psi (kPa)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Block shear (compression) dry at 75 °F 10.2 2800 (19 306) X X X
(24 °C)
Plywood (tension):
dry at 75 °F (24 °C) 10.3.3.1 400 (2758) X X X
A
dry at 160 °F (71.1 °C) 10.3.3.2 or 10.3.3.3 250 (1724) X X X
Two-cycle boil 10.3.3.4 see Table 2 X
48 h soak 10.3.3.5 250 (1724) X X
A
Humidity exposure 10.3.3.6 250 (1724) X
B B B B
Freeze-thaw stability 10.3.3.7 optional optional optional
C C C C
Storage life 10.3.3.8 X X X
A
Or 40 % of dry value at 75 °F (24 °C), whichever is larger.
B
Testing and certification for freeze-thaw stability is optional. To classify a test adhesive as freeze-thaw stable, test an initial lot of the adhesive brand in accordance with
6.2 and 10.3.3.7.
C
Testing of an initial lot of the adhesive brand in accordance with 6.3 and 10.3.3.8 is required.
TABLE 2 Test Requirements (Continued)
3.2.1 adhesive designation, n—an adhesive that is manufac-
Type I Test Requirement Two-Cycle Boil tured by a unique combination of raw materials and process,
Average Failing Load, psi (10.3.3.4) (Minimum Wood Failure, %)
that conforms to a given set of physical and performance
A
(kPa) Average of All Individual
properties, and is identified by a specific name, number, or
Specimens Specimen
Under 250 (1724) 50 25 alphanumeric designation.
250 to 350 (1724 to 2413) 30 10
3.2.2 lot, n—adhesive manufactured at one place from the
Above 350 (2143) 15 10
A same batch or blend of raw materials subjected to the same
See Table 9 in Interim Voluntary Product Standard for Hardwood and Decorative
Plywood, HP-1, 1993. operation and conditions.
3.2.3 assembly, n—See adhesive assembly in Terminology
D907.
NOTE 1—In this specification, the maple block lamination in Test
2.2 Federal Standards:
Method D905 and the birch plywood construction in Test Method D906
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
3 are described as assemblies.
PPP-C-96 Cans, Metal, 28-Gauge and Lighter
PPP-D-723 Drums, Fiber
4. Significance and Use
PPP-D-729 Drums, Shipping and Storage, Steel, 55 gal
(208 L) 4.1 This specification addresses the need for a set of testing
procedures that demonstrates the difference in physical prop-
2.3 Military Standard:
erties and in adhesive bonding properties among the many
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
available polyvinyl acetate-based adhesives. Because of the
3. Terminology diverse nature of the end products bonded with these
adhesives, testing in compliance with this specification can
3.1 Definitions:
only evaluate the adhesive tested under a given set of condi-
3.1.1 Many terms in this specification are defined in Termi-
tions. The physical properties of the adhesive are tested and
nology D907.
included in the report in order to give information on certain
3.1.2 emulsion, n—a two-phase liquid system in which
handling and working properties. The adhesive bonding prop-
small droplets of one liquid (the internal phase) are immiscible
erties are measured by tests performed on maple block speci-
in, and are dispersed uniformly throughout, a second continu-
mens and birch plywood specimens, prepared and tested in
ous liquid phase (the external phase).
accordance with Test Methods D905 and D906, respectively.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The internal phase is sometimes de-
The test requirements are based on knowledge within the
scribed as the disperse phase.
industry of values which may be expected. Test Methods D905
3.1.3 latex, n—a stable dispersion of polymeric substance in
and D906 have a long history of use as a basis for many
an essentially aqueous medium.
specifications.
3.1.4 polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive, n—a latex adhe-
4.2 This specification does not describe the end-use prod-
sive in which the polymeric portion comprises polyvinyl
ucts for which each class of adhesive is acceptable, but it does
acetate, copolymers based mainly on polyvinyl acetate, or a
describe the general exposure conditions for which each class
mixture of these, and which may contain modifiers and
will perform in a satisfactory manner. See Appendix X1.
secondary binders to provide specific properties.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5. Classification of Adhesive Performance
5.1 For purposes of this specification, adhesives are classi-
fied on the basis of water resistance at three performance
Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil. levels, wet-use, intermediate use, and dry-use:
D4317 − 16 (2023)
5.1.1 Type 1, Wet Use—An adhesive passing Type 1 test an additional set of specimens made from the same lot of
requirements as given in Table 1 and Table 2, and having adhesive, each of which conforms to the requirements speci-
high-water resistance, capable of producing sufficient fied. If this set of specimens fails to meet the requirements,
adhesive-joint strength and durability to make the bonded reject the lot.
product serviceable under conditions in which the equilibrium
moisture content (EMC) of the wood may be 16 % to a 8. Sampling
maximum of 21 % for short periods of time, and where the
8.1 Take a 2 L (2 qt) sample of adhesive that is representa-
temperature may reach levels as high as 71 °C (160 °F) (at
tive of the lot to be tested. Place 1 L qt of the adhesive in a
times) during service. This adhesive will withstand most
wide-mouth, glass, 1 L (1 qt) container and seal tightly. Use for
outdoor conditions, such as repeated soakings. It is not,
all tests with the exception of freeze-thaw stability (10.3.3.7),
however, suitable for marine conditions where immersion
and storage life (10.3.3.8). For the initial test only, to provide
would be continual. As tested in this specification, a Type 1
samples for testing these two properties, divide the second
adhesive is water-resistant, but not necessarily waterproof.
quart 1 L (1 qt) equally and use half for freeze-thaw stability
5.1.2 Type 2, Intermediate Use—An adhesive passing Type
and half for storage life. See 10.3.3.7 and 10.3.3.8 for instruc-
2 test requirements as given in Table 1, and having good
tions.
water-resistance, capable of producing sufficient adhesive-joint
strength and durability to make the bonded products service-
9. Tests for Physical Properties
able under interior or protected conditions in which there will
9.1 Test the properties of the adhesives by the following
be occasional intermittent exposure to wet conditions or high
methods and report the values.
humidity and where the temperature may reach levels as high
9.1.1 Viscosity:
as 71 °C (160 °F) (at times) during service.
9.1.1.1 Bring the adhesive sample to 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F
5.1.3 Type 3, Dry Use—An adhesive passing Type 3 test
6 1 °F) and hold at this temperature during the viscosity
requirements as given in Table 1, and capable of producing
reading. Test in accordance with Test Methods D1084, Method
sufficient adhesive-joint strength and durability to make the
B, except for (1) temperature requirement, and (2) addition of
bonded lumber product serviceable under normal interior
concentric cylinder rotational viscometers (see 5.6 of Practice
service conditions where the relative humidity is not high and
E1953) with torque constants of 60 μN-m to 80 μN-m, 8
does not fluctuate between wide limits, and where the tempera-
rotational speeds between 0.5 r ⁄min and 60 r/min stable to
ture may reach levels as high as 71.1 °C (160 °F).
within 1 %, and a right circular cylinder spindle to the list of
6. Test Requirements
acceptable viscometers in 6.1 of Test Methods D1084.
6.1 To meet the requirements of this specification, subject 9.1.1.2 For adhesives requiring the addition of a catalyst,
take two viscosity measurements of the test adhesive (1) before
the test adhesive to the tests in Section 9, and make the results
the addition of the catalyst, and (2) after the addition of the
of these tests a part of the report. In addition, the adhesive is to
catalyst. Test in accordance with 9.1.1.1.
meet the requirements of the tests described in Section 10 and
listed in Table 1 and Table 2, for the adhesive classification for
NOTE 2—Other temperatures may be used upon agreement between the
which it is to be certified.
contracting parties, but the 60.5 °C (61 °F) tolerance must be observed.
NOTE 3—Upon agreement between the contracting parties viscosity
6.2 Testing for freeze-thaw stability is optional. In order to
may be tested and reported in accordance with Test Method D2556, using
certify that an adhesive brand meets the requirements for
the concentric cylinder rotational viscometer specified in Test Methods
freeze-thaw stability, test an initial lot in accordance with
D1084, Method B.
10.3.3.7. All test requirements shall be passed for the appli-
9.1.2 Density—Measure the density of the adhesive in
cable adhesive classification. Following this initial test, certi-
accordance with Test Method D1875 and report as weight per
fication for this requirement may be based on submission of the
gallon in pounds.
manufacturer’s certification.
9.1.3 Nonvolatiles—Determine the nonvolatile content of
6.3 To meet the storage life requirements, test an initial lot
the adhesive in accordance with Test Method D1490.
of the adhesive brand in accordance with 10.3.3.8. All test
9.1.3.1 For adhesives requiring the addition of a catalyst,
requirements shall be passed for the applicable adhesive
measure the nonvolatiles of the adhesive without catalyst.
classification. Following this initial test, certification for this
NOTE 4—Test Method D1490 covers the determination of the nonvola-
requirement may be based on submission of the manufacturer’s
tile content of urea-formaldehyde resin; however, the procedure given is
certification.
applicable to polyvinyl acetate adhesives.
9.1.4 pH—Bring the adhesive to 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6
7. Retest and Rejection
1 °F) and determine the pH in accordance with Test Method
7.1 When a specimen fails at a load less than that specified,
E70.
the failure taking place 50 % or more in the wood, disregard
that specimen in computing the average. If more than one third
10. Tests for Adhesive Bond
of the test specimens for any one test condition are discarded
...
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