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ASTM B939-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, K, of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Bearings and Structural Materials

Standard Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, <bdit>K</bdit>, of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Bearings and Structural Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The radial crushing strength test is a destructive procedure used to determine a material strength characteristic of PM bearings and hollow cylindrical test specimens. These data can be used to grade, classify, and evaluate the materials.
The PM bearing Specifications B438 and B439 require the use of this test method as an acceptance test for the strength of oil-impregnated sintered bearings.
This test method may be used by powder producers and parts manufacturers as a lot acceptance test for metal powders and lubricated powder mixtures intended for the production of porous parts.
Companies in the PM industry use this test as a manufacturing control test because it is appropriate for production practices.
Radial crushing strength is a property of the PM material but is not a design value. However, experience has shown that the radial crushing strength of a material is approximately twice the ultimate tensile strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and laboratory procedure for the determination of the radial crushing strength of materials using either a plain powder metallurgy (PM) bearing or a thin-walled hollow cylindrical test specimen. This is a destructive test that produces quantitative results.
1.2 Limitations:
1.2.1 The principle of this procedure is based on the material being tested having minimal ductility. The permanent deflection of the cylinder during the test should not exceed 10 % of the outside diameter.
1.2.2 The radial crushing strength test results should be used only as a guide if the test specimen has a wall thickness that is greater than one-third of the outside diameter. These test results should then only be used for comparison with data from the test specimens of like materials and similar dimensions.
1.3 With the exception of density values, for which the g/cm3 unit is the industry standard, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be considered the standard. The values in SI units, shown in parenthesis have been converted in accordance with IEEE/ASTM Standard SI 10, may be approximate and are only included for information.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2009
ICS
77.160 - Powder metallurgy
Technical Committee
B09 - Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products
Drafting Committee
B09.04 - Bearings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B939-05 - Standard Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, <bdit>K</bdit>, of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Bearings and Structural Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM B438-21 - Standard Specification for Bronze-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings (Oil-Impregnated)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM B439-21 - Standard Specification for Iron-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings (Oil-Impregnated)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM B925-15(2022) - Standard Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009

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ASTM B939-09 - Standard Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, <bdit>K</bdit>, of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Bearings and Structural MaterialsASTM B939-09 - Standard Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, <bdit>K</bdit>, of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Bearings and Structural Materials
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REDLINE ASTM B939-09 - Standard Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, <bdit>K</bdit>, of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Bearings and Structural MaterialsREDLINE ASTM B939-09 - Standard Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, <bdit>K</bdit>, of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Bearings and Structural Materials
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REDLINE ASTM B939-09 - Standard Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, <bdit>K</bdit>, of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Bearings and Structural Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: B939 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Radial Crushing Strength,K, of Powder Metallurgy (PM)
1
Bearings and Structural Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B939; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* B438Specification for Bronze-Base Powder Metallurgy
(PM) Bearings (Oil-Impregnated)
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and laboratory
B439Specification for Iron-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM)
procedure for the determination of the radial crushing strength
Bearings (Oil-Impregnated)
of materials using either a plain powder metallurgy (PM)
B925Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder
bearing or a thin-walled hollow cylindrical test specimen.This
Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
is a destructive test that produces quantitative results.
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.2 Limitations:
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2.1 The principle of this procedure is based on the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
material being tested having minimal ductility. The permanent
2.2 IEEE/ASTM Standard:
deflection of the cylinder during the test should not exceed
SI 10American National Standard for Use of the Interna-
10% of the outside diameter.
tional System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
1.2.2 Theradialcrushingstrengthtestresultsshouldbeused
3
2.3 MPIF Standard:
only as a guide if the test specimen has a wall thickness that is
MPIF Standard 55Determination of Radial Crush Strength
greaterthanone-thirdoftheoutsidediameter.Thesetestresults
(K) of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
shouldthenonlybeusedforcomparisonwithdatafromthetest
specimens of like materials and similar dimensions.
3. Terminology
1.3 With the exception of density values, for which the
3
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of powder metallurgy (PM)
g/cm unit is the industry standard, the values stated in
terms can be found in Terminology B243. Additional descrip-
inch-pound units are to be considered the standard. The values
tive information is available in the related material section of
in SI units, shown in parenthesis have been converted in
Vol 02.05 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
accordancewithIEEE/ASTMStandardSI10,maybeapproxi-
mate and are only included for information.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Radial crushing strength is determined by subjecting a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- plain sleeve bearing or a thin-walled cylindrical test specimen
to a controlled compressive force applied perpendicular to its
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. central axis under uniformly increasing load until fracture
occurs.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 The term radial crushing strength as used in this test
2
method is the stress at fracture calculated from the breaking
2.1 ASTM Standards:
load and the dimensions of the test specimen.
B243Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
5. Significance and Use
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal
5.1 The radial crushing strength test is a destructive proce-
Powders and Metal Powder Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
dureusedtodetermineamaterialstrengthcharacteristicofPM
tee B09.04 on Bearings.
bearings and hollow cylindrical test specimens.These data can
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally
be used to grade, classify, and evaluate the materials.
approved in2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as B939–05. DOI:
10.1520/B0939-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), 105 College Rd.
the ASTM website. East, Princeton, NJ 08540, http://www.mpif.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B939 − 09
5.2 The PM bearing Specifications B438 and B439 require
theuseofthistestmethodasanacceptancetestforthestrength
of oil-impregnated sintered bearings.
5.3 This test method may be used by powder producers and
parts manufacturers as a lot acceptance test for metal p
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:B939–05 Designation: B939 – 09
Standard Test Method for
Radial Crushing Strength,K, of Powder Metallurgy (P/
1
M)(PM) Bearings and Structural Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B939; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and laboratory procedure for the determination of the radial crushing strength of
materials using either a plain powder metallurgy (P/M)(PM) bearing or a thin-walled hollow cylindrical test specimen. This is a
destructive test that produces quantitative results.
1.2 Limitations:
1.2.1 The principle of this procedure is based on the material being tested having minimal ductility. The permanent deflection
of the cylinder during the test should not exceed 10% of the outside diameter.
1.2.2 The radial crushing strength test results should be used only as a guide if the test specimen has a wall thickness that is
greater than one-third of the outside diameter. These test results should then only be used for comparison with data from the test
specimens of like materials and similar dimensions.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
3
1.3 Withtheexceptionofdensityvalues,forwhichtheg/cm unitistheindustrystandard,thevaluesstatedininch-poundunits
are to be considered the standard. The values in SI units, shown in parenthesis have been converted in accordance with
IEEE/ASTM Standard SI 10, may be approximate and are only included for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
B438/B438M438 Specification for Bronze-Base Powder Metallurgy (P/M)(PM) Bearings (Oil-Impregnated)
B439 Specification for Iron-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings (Oil-Impregnated) B612Specification for Iron Bronze
Sintered Bearings (Oil-
Impregnated)
B782Specification for Iron Graphite Sintered Bearings (Oil-Impregnated)
B925 Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
2.2 Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 IEEE/ASTM Standard:
SI 10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
3
2.3 MPIF Standard:
MPIF Standard 55 Determination of Radial Crush Strength (K) of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B09.04 on Bearings.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. DOI: 10.1520/B0939-05.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally approved in2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as B939–05. DOI:
10.1520/B0939-09.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), 105 College Rd. East, Princeton, NJ, 08540-6692, USANJ 08540, http://www.mpif.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B939 – 09
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitionsofpowdermetallurgy(P/M)(PM)termscanbefoundinTerminologyB243.Additionaldescriptive
information is available in the related material section of Vol 02.05 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Radial crushing strength is determined by subjecting a plain sleeve b
...

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1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM B963-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Oil Content, Oil-Impregnation Efficiency, and Surface-Connected Porosity of Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedes’ Principle

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Oil content values are generally contained in specifications for oil-impregnated PM bearings.  
5.2 The oil-impregnation efficiency provides an indication of how well the as-received parts had been impregnated.  
5.3 The desired self-lubricating performance of PM bearings requires a minimum amount of surface-connected porosity and satisfactory oil impregnation of the surface-connected porosity. A minimum oil content is specified.  
5.4 The results from these test methods may be used for quality control or compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes three related test methods that cover the measurement of physical properties of oil-impregnated powder metallurgy products.  
1.1.1 Determination of the volume percent of oil contained in the material.  
1.1.2 Determination of the efficiency of the oil-impregnation process.  
1.1.3 Determination of the percent surface-connected porosity by oil impregnation.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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