ASTM E592-99(2009)e1
(Guide)Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60
Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A key consideration with any radiographic system is its capability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree of obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon several radiographic parameters such as source energy level, film type, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure (density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate the degree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X rays and cobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radiographic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunction with Test Method E 746 to provide a basis for developing data for evaluation of a user's specific system. This data may assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtaining desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radiographic illustrations detailed in Section 6.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which the image of the 1T and 2T holes is visible for a few practical radiographic conditions. The values represent near optimum sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer sensitivity.
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to this guide and may be obtained from ASTM.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E592 −99(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Guide to
Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for
Radiography of Steel Plates ⁄4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick
with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with
Cobalt-60
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Reapproved with editorial changes in June 2009.
1. Scope E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensi-
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
tivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
the image of the 1T and 2T holes is visible for a few practical
2.2 ISO Standard:
radiographic conditions. The values represent near optimum
ISO 7004 Photography—Industrial Radiographic Films—
sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that
Determination of ISO Speed, ISO Average Gradient, and
give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or
ISO Gradients G2 adn G4 When Exposed to X- and
backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer
Gamma-Radiation
sensitivity.
2.3 Military Standard:
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable
MIL-STD-271 Nondestructive Testing Requirements for
with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to
Metals
this guide and may be obtained from ASTM.
NAVSEA Technical Publication T9074-AS-Gib-010/
271 Requirements for Nondestructive Testing Methods
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for 2.4 ASTM Adjuncts:
Guide for Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity Between X
information only.
Rays and Cobalt-60
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
standard, refer to Terminology E1316, Section D.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Akey consideration with any radiographic system is its
2.1 ASTM Standards:
capability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree of
E746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Re-
obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon
sponse of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
several radiographic parameters such as source energy level,
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
film type, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure
graphic Film Processing
(density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate the
degree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X rays and
cobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radio-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
graphic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunc-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 on Reference
Radiological Images.
tion with Test Method E746 to provide a basis for developing
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2009.PublishedJuly2009.Originallyapproved
in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E592 - 99(2004). DOI:
10.1520/E0592-99R09E01. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
the ASTM website. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0592.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E592−99 (2009)
NOTE 1—See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions.
FIG. 1Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for ⁄4 to 2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel When Radiographing with X Rays.
data for evaluation of a user’s specific system. This data may
assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtain-
ing desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An
alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radio-
graphic illustrations detailed in Section 6.
5. Procedure
5.1 Sensitivity for ⁄4 to 2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel Using
X Rays:
5.1.1 The values of sensitivity were determined from a
statistical study of visibility of images of penetrameter holes.
Near 100 % certainty of seeing the image of a hole on any
radiograph was taken as the criterion for determining sensitiv-
ity. Most radiographs will show slightly better sensitivity than
indicated in Figs. 1-3 because of the statistical nature of
recording information from a beam of X rays but occasionally,
one will not show quite as good sensitivity.
5.1.2 Fig. 1 illustrates obtainable equivalent penetrameter
sensitivity (seeAppendix X1 of Practice E1025) for four X-ray
films. The films are identified by reciprocal roentgen speed
whenexposedinaccordancewithISO 7004ina200-kVrange,
and processed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recom-
NOTE 1—See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions.
mendations (see Guide E999).
FIG. 2Penetrameter Sensitivity and Minimum Penetrameter Mark-
Film No. Speed
ings for Showing the 2T Hole When Radiographing ⁄4 to 2-in. (6
to 51-mm) Thick Steel with X Rays.
24.0
31.2
4 0.35
illustrations of sensitivity. Interpolation will give illustrations
5.1.3 The radiographic exposure conditions were: 36-in. of sensitivity for speeds obtained with other film systems.
(914-mm) focus-film distance, 5-mil (0.13-mm) front and 5.1.5 In Fig. 2 the data are presented to show the thinnest
10-mil(0.25-mm)backleadscreens,20mA·minexposure,and penetrameter for which the image of the 2 T hole will be
kilovoltage adjusted to give a density of near 2.0. visible. The intersection of the line for a particular steel
5.1.4 Most high-quality industrial X-ray films intended for thickness and the line for a given film projected onto the
direct or lead screen exposure, that are exposed and developed abscissa gives the best obtainable equivalent penetrameter
accordingly to give these speed values, will provide similar sensitivity. The intersection projected to the left ordinate gives
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E592−99 (2009)
where:
d = diameter of penetrameter hole,
T = thickness of penetrameter, and
t = specimen thickness.
The change in slope of the steel thickness curves on Figs. 2 and 3 is a
result of the established 10-mil minimum hole diameter.
5.2 Sensitivity for 1 to 6-in. (25 to 152-mm) Thick Steel
Using Cobalt-60:
5.2.1 For cobalt-60 radiography of steel, the variables that
affect image quality and that can be controlled are the speed of
the film and the recording of scattered radiation relative to the
recording of image-forming radiation. The relative recording
of scatter (the scatter buildup factor) can be decreased by the
use of lead filtration between the specimen and the film or by
the use of low-atomic-number metal screens. Either method
gives nearly equal improvement in image quality for a given
increase in exposure.
5.2.2 Radiographs of flat steel plates were made either with
10-mil (0.25-mm) thick fr
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