ASTM C357-07(2022)

Standard Test Method for Bulk Density of Granular Refractory Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Granular refractory materials may be either refractory grain raw materials that are used in the manufacture of finished refractory products, or bulk granular refractory materials that are sold, with or without some degree of processing, to refractory consumers for various uses. In either case, characterizing the properties of a granular refractory material is essential in evaluating its quality or consistency of quality and in determining suitability for end use. One of the important properties is bulk density because of its relationship to end product quality, usage, and performance.  
3.2 The refractories producer can use this test method as one of the quality control tests for his manufactured or mined refractory grain raw materials or for evaluating potential refractory grain raw materials.  
3.3 For the refractories consumer, the principal use of this test method is in the evaluation of the quality or the consistency of quality of the granular material in purchased refractory mixes or in bulk granular refractory materials used by the consumer.  
3.4 This is a primary test method, and thus is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements and as a base for development of more rapid, secondary test methods for use in quality control on manufactured refractory raw materials.  
3.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are that the sample is representative of the material in general, the particle size of the sample is within the range specified by the test method, the material is not readily hydratable, and the size and quantity of pores in the material permits removal of surface water without drainage from the pores themselves. Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the test results.  
3.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be recognized that the specific gravity of the materia...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the bulk density of granular refractory materials, commercial products which usually have particles that are retained on a 0.265 in. (6.7 mm) or coarser sieve.  
Note 1: This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate in boiling water.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—In Sections 4, 7, and 8, the apparatus used is only available in SI units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2022
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C08 - Refractories
• Drafting Committee: C08.03 - Physical Properties

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C357 − 07 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
1
Bulk Density of Granular Refractory Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope refractory products, or bulk granular refractory materials that
are sold, with or without some degree of processing, to
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
refractory consumers for various uses. In either case, charac-
bulk density of granular refractory materials, commercial
terizing the properties of a granular refractory material is
products which usually have particles that are retained on a
essential in evaluating its quality or consistency of quality and
0.265 in. (6.7 mm) or coarser sieve.
in determining suitability for end use. One of the important
NOTE 1—This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate in
properties is bulk density because of its relationship to end
boiling water.
product quality, usage, and performance.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
3.2 Therefractoriesproducercanusethistestmethodasone
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
of the quality control tests for his manufactured or mined
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
refractory grain raw materials or for evaluating potential
information only and are not considered standard.
refractory grain raw materials.
1.2.1 Exceptions—In Sections 4, 7, and 8, the apparatus
used is only available in SI units.
3.3 For the refractories consumer, the principal use of this
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the testmethodisintheevaluationofthequalityortheconsistency
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the of quality of the granular material in purchased refractory
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mixes or in bulk granular refractory materials used by the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- consumer.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.4 Thisisaprimarytestmethod,andthusissuitableforuse
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
in specifications, quality control, and research and develop-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ment. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
contracts or agreements and as a base for development of more
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
rapid, secondary test methods for use in quality control on
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
manufactured refractory raw materials.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method
2. Referenced Documents
are that the sample is representative of the material in general,
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: the particle size of the sample is within the range specified by
the test method, the material is not readily hydratable, and the
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves size and quantity of pores in the material permits removal of
surface water without drainage from the pores themselves.
3. Significance and Use
Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the useful-
ness of the test results.
3.1 Granular refractory materials may be either refractory
grain raw materials that are used in the manufacture of finished
3.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be
recognized that the specific gravity of the material as well as
the porosity affects the value obtained for bulk density. Thus,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C08 on
comparisons of results should only be made between like
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
materials or with full recognition of inherent differences
Properties.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally
between the materials being compared.
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C357 – 07 (2015).
DOI: 10.1520/C0357-07R22.
2 4. Apparatus
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 Laboratory Jaw Crusher or Rolls, for crushing samples
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. to pass a 0.265 in. (6.7 mm) sieve.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C357 − 07 (Reapproved 2015) C357 − 07 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
1
Bulk Density of Granular Refractory Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the bulk density of granular refractory materials, commercial products
which usually have particles that are retained on a 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) 0.265 in. (6.7 mm) or coarser sieve.
NOTE 1—This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate in boiling water.
NOTE 1—This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate in boiling water.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—In Sections 4, 7, and 8, the apparatus used is only available in SI units.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Granular refractory materials may be either refractory grain raw materials that are used in the manufacture of finished
refractory products, or bulk granular refractory materials that are sold, with or without some degree of processing, to refractory
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties.
Current edition approved March 1, 2015Feb. 1, 2022. Published April 2015February 2022. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
C357C357 – 07 (2015).–07 (2009)ε1. DOI: 10.1520/C0357-07R15.10.1520/C0357-07R22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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C357 − 07 (2022)
consumers for various uses. In either case, characterizing the properties of a granular refractory material is essential in evaluating
its quality or consistency of quality and in determining suitability for end use. One of the important properties is bulk density
because of its relationship to end product quality, usage, and performance.
3.2 The refractories producer can use this test method as one of the quality-control quality control tests for his manufactured or
mined refractory grain raw materials or for evaluating potential refractory grain raw materials.
3.3 For the refractories consumer, the principal use of this test method is in the evaluation of the quality or the consistency of
quality of the granular material in purchased refractory mixes or in bulk granular refractory materials used by the consumer.
3.4 This is a primary test method, and thus is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It
can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements and as a base for development of more rapid,
secondary test methods for use in quality control on manufactured refractory raw materials.
3.5
...