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ASTM D8029-23

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Biodegradable, Low Aquatic Toxicity Hydraulic Fluids

Standard Specification for Biodegradable, Low Aquatic Toxicity Hydraulic Fluids

ABSTRACT
This specification covers performance requirements for biodegradable hydraulic fluids with low aquatic toxicity used in industrial/mobile hydraulic applications. There are some cases where biodegradable fluids have been found to perform differently than traditional mineral oils, which makes separate performance requirements desirable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers performance requirements for biodegradable hydraulic fluids with low aquatic toxicity used in industrial/mobile hydraulic applications.  
1.2 In some cases, biodegradable fluids have been found to perform differently than traditional mineral oils, thus separate performance requirements are desirable.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Dec-2023
ICS
75.120 - Hydraulic fluids
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.N0 - Hydraulic Fluids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D8029-18 - Standard Specification for Biodegradable, Low Aquatic Toxicity Hydraulic Fluids
Effective Date
15-Dec-2023
Refers
ASTM D6866-24 - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Refers
ASTM D4175-23a - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Effective Date
15-Dec-2023
Refers
ASTM D665-23 - Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Refers
ASTM D445-23 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM D4175-23e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Effective Date
01-Jul-2023
Refers
ASTM D974-22 - Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
Effective Date
01-Nov-2022
Refers
ASTM D6866-22 - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis
Effective Date
15-Mar-2022
Refers
ASTM D665-19 - Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
Effective Date
01-Dec-2019
Refers
ASTM D1298-12b(2017)e1 - Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017

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ASTM D8029-23 - Standard Specification for Biodegradable, Low Aquatic Toxicity Hydraulic FluidsASTM D8029-23 - Standard Specification for Biodegradable, Low Aquatic Toxicity Hydraulic Fluids
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8029 − 23
Standard Specification for
1
Biodegradable, Low Aquatic Toxicity Hydraulic Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8029; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* by Potentiometric Titration
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
1.1 This specification covers performance requirements for
Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
biodegradable hydraulic fluids with low aquatic toxicity used
D892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-
in industrial/mobile hydraulic applications.
ing Oils
1.2 In some cases, biodegradable fluids have been found to
D943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited
perform differently than traditional mineral oils, thus separate
Mineral Oils
performance requirements are desirable.
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Indicator Titration
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
standard.
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ucts by Hydrometer Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and Synthetic Fluids
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D2070 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Hydraulic Oils
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
matic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D2422 Classification of Industrial Fluid Lubricants by Vis-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
cosity System
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Au-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tomatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubri-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
cants using a Rotational Viscometer
D3427 Test Method for Air Release Properties of Hydrocar-
2. Referenced Documents
bon Based Oils
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
Open Cup Tester
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Fuels, and Lubricants
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
D4310 Test Method for Determination of Sludging and
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Mineral Oils
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
D5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Bio-
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
degradation of Lubricants or Their Components
ity)
D6081 Practice for Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Lubricants:
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
Sample Preparation and Results Interpretation
D6731 Test Method for Determining the Aerobic, Aquatic
1
Biodegradability of Lubricants or Lubricant Components
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
in a Closed Respirometer
Subcommittee D02.N0 on Hydraulic Fluids.
D6866 Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally
of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocar-
approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D8029 – 18. DOI:
10.1520/D8029-23.
bon Analysis
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Kinematic Viscosity)
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8029 − 18 D8029 − 23
Standard Specification for
1
Biodegradable, Low Aquatic Toxicity Hydraulic Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8029; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers performance requirements for biodegradable hydraulic fluids with low aquatic toxicity used in
industrial/mobile hydraulic applications.
1.2 In some cases, biodegradable fluids have been found to perform differently than traditional mineral oils, thus separate
performance requirements are desirable.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
D892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils
D943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oils
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
D2070 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Hydraulic Oils
D2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.N0 on Hydraulic Fluids.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018Dec. 15, 2023. Published October 2018December 2023. Originally approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 20172018
as D8029 – 17a.D8029 – 18. DOI: 10.1520/D8029-18.10.1520/D8029-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8029 − 23
D2422 Classification of Industrial Fluid Lubricants by Viscosity System
D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using
a Rotational Viscometer
D3427 Test Method for Air Release Properties of Hydrocarbon Based Oils
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4310 Test Method for Determination of Sludging and Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Mineral Oils
D5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their Components
D6081 Practice for Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Lubricants: Sample Preparation and Results Interpretation
D6731 Test Method for Determining the Aerobic, Aquatic Biodegradability of Lubricants or Lubricant Components in a Closed
Respirometer
D6866 Test Methods for Determi
...

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ASTM D7647-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automatic Particle Counting of Lubricating and Hydraulic Fluids Using Dilution Techniques to Eliminate the Contribution of Water and Interfering Soft Particles by Light Extinction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use in analytical laboratories including onsite in-service oil analysis laboratories.  
5.2 Hard particles in lubricating or fluid power systems have a detrimental effect on the system as they cause operating components to wear and also accelerate the degradation of the oil. Hard particles in the oil originate from a variety of sources including generation from within an operating fluid system or contamination, which may occur during the storage and handling of new oils or via ingress into an operating fluid system.  
5.3 High levels of contaminants can cause filter blockages and hard particles can have a serious impact on the life of pumps, pistons, gears, bearings, and other moving parts by accelerating wear and erosion.  
5.4 Particle count results can be used to aid in assessing the capability of the filtration system responsible for cleaning the fluid, determining if off-line recirculating filtration is needed to clean up the fluid system, or aiding in the decision of whether or not a fluid change is required.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration and particle size distribution in new and in-service oils used for lubrication and hydraulic purposes.  
1.2 Particles considered are in the range from 4 µm (c) to 200 µm (c) with the upper limit being dependent on the specific automatic particle counter being used.
Note 1: For the purpose of this test method, water droplets not masked by the diluent procedure are detected as particles, and agglomerated particles are detected and reported as a single larger particle.
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1.3 Lubricants that can be analyzed by this test method are categorized as petroleum products or synthetic based products, such as: polyalpha olefin, polyalkylene glycol, or phosphate ester. Applicable viscosity range is up to 1000 mm2/s at 40 °C. This procedure may be appropriate for other petroleum and synthetic based lubricants not included in the precision statement.  
1.4 Samples containing visible particles may not be suitable for analysis using this test method.  
1.5 Samples that are opaque after dilution are not suitable for analysis using this test method.  
1.6 The test method is specific to automatic particle counters that use the light extinction principle and are calibrated according to the latest revision of ISO 11171.  
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1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Corrosiveness of a fluid to a bimetallic couple is one of the properties used to evaluate hydraulic or lubricating fluids. It is an indicator of the compatibility of a fluid with a brass on steel galvanic couple at ambient temperature and 50 % relative humidity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the corrosiveness of hydraulic and lubricating fluids to a bimetallic galvanic couple.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of insoluble contamination in hydraulic fluids by gravimetric analysis. The contamination determined includes both particulate and gel-like matter, organic and inorganic, which is retained on a membrane filter disk of pore diameter as required by applicable specifications (usually 0.45 μm or 0.80 μm).  
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Standard Specification for Mineral Hydraulic Oils

ABSTRACT
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1.1.5 A refined mineral base oil or synthetic base stock with rust and oxidation inhibitors plus anti-wear characteristics meeting a higher performance level than an HM fluid to address higher demanding hydraulic systems (Class HMHP), and  
1.1.6 A refined mineral base oil with rust or synthetic base stock and oxidation inhibitors, anti-wear characteristics, and increased viscosity index higher than 140 meeting a higher performance level than an HV fluid to address higher demanding hydraulic systems (Class HVHP).  
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1.1 This guide covers and provides information to assist in planning a laboratory test or series of tests from which may be inferred information about the biodegradability of an unused fully formulated hydraulic fluid in its original form. Biodegradability is one of three characteristics which are assessed when judging the environmental impact of a hydraulic fluid. The other two characteristics are ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation.  
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5.5 High soot levels in diesel engine lubricating oil may indicate abnormal engine operation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration, particle size distribution, particle shape, and soot content for new and in-service oils used for lubrication and hydraulic systems by a direct imaging integrated tester.  
1.1.1 The test method is applicable to petroleum and synthetic based fluids. Samples from 2 mm2/s to 150 mm2/s at 40 °C may be processed directly. Samples of greater viscosity may be processed after solvent dilution.  
1.1.2 Particles measured are in the range from 4 μm to ≥ 70 μm with the upper limit dependent upon passing through a 100 μm mesh inlet screen.  
1.1.3 Particle concentration measured may be as high as 5 000 000 particles per mL without significant coincidence error.  
1.1.4 Particle shape is determined for particles greater than approximately 20 µm in length. Particles are categorized into the following categories: sliding, cutting, fatigue, nonmetallic, fibers, water droplets, and air bubbles.  
1.1.5 Soot is determined up to approximately 1.5 % by weight.  
1.1.6 This test method uses objects of known linear dimension for calibration.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7721-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Effect of Fluid Selection on Hydraulic System or Component Efficiency

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary function of a hydraulic fluid is to transmit power. This practice provides uniform guidelines for comparing fluids in terms of their power-transmitting abilities as reflected in their effect on hydraulic system or component efficiency and productivity.  
5.2 Practical advantages of enhanced hydraulic system efficiency may include increased productivity (faster machine cycle time), reduced power consumption (electricity or fuel), and reduced environmental impact (lower emissions).  
5.3 Differences in fluid performance may be relatively small. Consequently, it is essential that the necessary experimental controls are implemented to ensure consistency in operating conditions and duty cycle when comparing the energy efficiency of different hydraulic fluid formulations.  
5.4 This practice implies no evaluation of hydraulic fluid quality other than its effect on hydraulic system efficiency.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers all types and grades of hydraulic fluids.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to both laboratory and field evaluations.  
1.3 This practice provides guidelines for conducting hydraulic fluid evaluations. It does not prescribe a specific efficiency test methodology.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8385-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dry Filterability of Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids by Mass Flow Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Precision equipment and high pressure hydraulic machinery require filtered lubricants and fluids to prevent damage from the circulation of hard particulate contaminants. Three types of particulate contaminants are present in lubricants and hydraulic fluids: built in contaminants from the machinery assembly process, generated contaminants from equipment wear, and contaminants that enter from external sources.  
5.2 The ability of lubricants and hydraulic fluids to retain their filterability is critical for efficient and reliable machine performance. Normally, the pressure differential across a filter will increase gradually as the filter accumulates dirt, sludge, and wear debris. In order to prevent the filter from collapsing, bypass valves in the filter assembly open when the differential pressure gets too high. If a filter becomes blocked by precipitating additives or other contaminants, the bypass valve will open. This can lead to an equipment shutdown or circulation of damaging particles throughout the machine.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the dry filterability of lubricants and hydraulic fluids based upon mass flow rate measurements through a 0.8 µm membrane after ageing (Note 1). The procedure applies to lubricants and hydraulic fluids that are formulated with American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, III, IV, and certain V base stocks. Products formulated with water or base stocks that are heavier than water are out of scope.
Note 1: This test method is similar to ISO 13357 but differs from the ISO method in the manner by which filterability is assessed. In ISO 13357, volume flow rates are used to determine filterability. In this test method, mass flow rates are used. Measurements of filterability based on mass flow rates facilitate automation and can be less susceptible to operator error.
Note 2: Residual water due to atmospheric conditions or contaminants is in scope for these samples and it is typically low for most in process samples.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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