ASTM D7451-08a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate, and Compression and Spark Ignition Fuels
Standard Test Method for Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate, and Compression and Spark Ignition Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The primary use of this test method is to evaluate new additive packages in specific fuels to ensure that fuel-water separability will not be compromised by the use of the additive package, either at their normal treat rates or at several times the intended treat rate to evaluate the impact of potential overtreatment.
Water Volume Changes—Using this technique reveal the presence of water-soluble components, such as alcohols, in the fuel.
Interface Condition Ratings—Using this technique reveal the presence of partially soluble components, such as surfactants, in the fuel.
Additives or contaminants that affect the interface could harm water separation properties of fuels in equipment and quickly inhibit the free flow of fuel through filters and injection equipment, causing a decrease in combustion performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tendency of water and fuels with a final boiling point of less than 390°C, as measured in Test Method D 86, to separate cleanly rather than create emulsions when they may contain potential emulsion forming additives or components, or have been additized with potential emulsion forming additives, or components.
1.2 This test method applies primarily to gasoline, diesel, kerosine, and distillate grades of gas turbine, marine, home heating oils and furnace fuels (see Specifications D 396, D 975, D 2880, D 3699, D 4814, and D 6985). For fuel components such as biodiesel or alcohol, refer to X1.2 and X1.3.
1.3 This test method is not meant to certify or qualify fuels for sale, but it is intended for use by additive suppliers to determine the need for demulsifier components in their additive packages.
1.4 This test method is not meant for testing of fuels containing large amounts of aqueous soluble components, such as E85, or for testing of water emulsified fuels, or for testing of aviation fuels.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7451 − 08a
StandardTest Method for
Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate,
1
and Compression and Spark Ignition Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Atmospheric Pressure
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tendency
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
of water and fuels with a final boiling point of less than 390°C,
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
as measured in Test Method D86, to separate cleanly rather
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
than create emulsions when they may contain potential emul-
D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel
sion forming additives or components, or have been additized
Oil (Accelerated Method)
with potential emulsion forming additives, or components.
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
1.2 This test method applies primarily to gasoline, diesel,
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
kerosine, and distillate grades of gas turbine, marine, home
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
heating oils and furnace fuels (see Specifications D396, D975,
Petroleum Products
D2880, D3699, D4814, and D6985). For fuel components such
D4176 Test Method for FreeWater and Particulate Contami-
as biodiesel or alcohol, refer to X1.2 and X1.3.
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
1.3 This test method is not meant to certify or qualify fuels
for sale, but it is intended for use by additive suppliers to Petroleum Products
D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
determinetheneedfordemulsifiercomponentsintheiradditive
packages. Fuel
D6985 Specification for Middle Distillate Fuel Oil—
1.4 This test method is not meant for testing of fuels
3
Military Marine Applications (Withdrawn 2010)
containing large amounts of aqueous soluble components, such
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
as E85, or for testing of water emulsified fuels, or for testing of
4
Distillate Fuel Bar Chart
aviation fuels.
5
Fuel Clarity Rating Standard
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions:
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the wall of the glass test tube.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 heavy scum, n—assessment that the fuel/water inter-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
face is covered with more than 50% scum that extends into
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
either of the two layers or forms an emulsion (1 mL or greater
in volume), or both.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.3 scum, n—layer thicker than film (up to 1 mL in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
volume) or that adheres to the wall of the glass test tube, or
both.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally
3
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7451–08. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D7451-08A. www.astm.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM ADJD417601. Original adjunct produced in 1991.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD7451. Original adjunct produced in 2008.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7451 − 08a
3.2.1 interface condition rating, n—qualitative assessment 5.1.2 Interface Condition Ratings—Using this technique
of the tendency of a mixture of water and fuel to form interface reveal the presence of partially soluble components, such as
films or precipitates. surfactants, in
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D7451–08 Designation:D7451–08a
Standard Test Method for
Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate,
1
and Compression and Spark Ignition Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tendency of water and fuels with a final boiling point of less than 390°C, as
measuredinTestMethodD 86,toseparatecleanlyratherthancreateemulsionswhentheymaycontainpotentialemulsionforming
additives or components, or have been additized with potential emulsion forming additives, or components.
1.2 This test method applies primarily to gasoline, diesel, kerosine, and distillate grades of gas turbine, marine, home heating
oils and furnace fuels (see Specifications D 396, D 975, D 2880, D 3699, D 4814, and D 6985). For fuel components such as
biodiesel or alcohol, refer to X1.2 and X1.3.
1.3 This test method is not meant to certify or qualify fuels for sale, but it is intended for use by additive suppliers to determine
the need for demulsifier components in their additive packages. Note1—This test method is not meant for testing of aviation fuels.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5
1.4 This test method is not meant for testing of fuels containing large amounts of aqueous soluble components, such as E85,
or for testing of water emulsified fuels, or for testing of aviation fuels.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D 2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
D 2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D 3699 Specification for Kerosine
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D 4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D 4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D 6985 Specification for Middle Distillate Fuel OilMilitary Marine Applications
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
Distillate Fuel Bar Chart
4
Fuel Clarity Rating Standard
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on
Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published June 2008.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 7451–08.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD417601. Original adjunct produced in 1991.
4
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD7451. Original adjunct produced in 2008.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7451–08a
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to the wall of the glass test tube.
3.1.2 heavy scum, n—assessment that the fuel/water interface is covered with more than 50% scum that extends into either of
the two layers or forms an emulsion (1 mL or greater in volume), or both.
3
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D7451–08 Designation:D7451–08a
Standard Test Method for
Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate,
1
and Compression and Spark Ignition Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tendency of water and fuels with a final boiling point of less than 390°C, as
measuredinTestMethodD 86,toseparatecleanlyratherthancreateemulsionswhentheymaycontainpotentialemulsionforming
additives or components, or have been additized with potential emulsion forming additives, or components.
1.2 This test method applies primarily to gasoline, diesel, kerosine, and distillate grades of gas turbine, marine, home heating
oils and furnace fuels (see Specifications D 396, D 975, D 2880, D 3699, D 4814, and D 6985). For fuel components such as
biodiesel or alcohol, refer to X1.2 and X1.3.
1.3 This test method is not meant to certify or qualify fuels for sale, but it is intended for use by additive suppliers to determine
the need for demulsifier components in their additive packages. Note1—This test method is not meant for testing of aviation fuels.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5
1.4 This test method is not meant for testing of fuels containing large amounts of aqueous soluble components, such as E85,
or for testing of water emulsified fuels, or for testing of aviation fuels.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D 2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
D 2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D 3699 Specification for Kerosine
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D 4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D 4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D 6985 Specification for Middle Distillate Fuel OilMilitary Marine Applications
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
Distillate Fuel Bar Chart
4
Fuel Clarity Rating Standard
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on
Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published June 2008.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 7451–08.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD417601. Original adjunct produced in 1991.
4
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD7451. Original adjunct produced in 2008.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7451–08a
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to the wall of the glass test tube.
3.1.2 heavy scum, n—assessment that the fuel/water interface is covered with more than 50% scum that extends into either of
the two layers or forms an emulsion (1 mL or greater in volume), or both.
3
...
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