ASTM C1099-07(2019)

Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Carbon-Containing Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures has become accepted as a useful measurement in quality control testing and in research and development. These measurements are also used to determine the suitability of particular products for various applications and to develop specifications. The sample may undergo some oxidation during the test.  
3.2 In 1988, ruggedness testing was conducted on this test procedure. The following variables were studied:  
3.2.1 Testing temperature (2525 (1385) versus 2575 °F (1413 °C)),  
3.2.2 Air atmosphere versus argon atmosphere in the furnace,  
3.2.3 Hold time prior to breaking the sample (12 versus 18 min), and  
3.2.4 Loading rate on the sample (175 (778) versus 350 lb/min (1556 N/min)).  
3.3 Resin-bonded magnesia-carbon brick containing approximately 17 % carbon after coking were tested in two separate ruggedness tests. Metal-free brick were tested in the first ruggedness test, while aluminum-containing brick were tested in the second. Results were analyzed at a 95 % confidence level.  
3.4 For the metal-free brick, the presence of an argon atmosphere and hold time had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550 °F (1400 °C). The argon atmosphere yielded a lower modulus of rupture. The samples tested in air had a well-sintered decarburized zone on the exterior surfaces, possibly explaining the higher moduli of rupture. The longer hold time caused a lower result for the metal-free brick.  
3.5 For the aluminum-containing brick, testing temperature, the presence of an argon atmosphere, and loading rate had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550 °F (1400 °C). The higher testing temperature increased the measured result, the presence of an argon atmosphere lowered the result, and the higher loading rate increased the result.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures in air.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units and degrees Fahrenheit are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2019
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C08 - Refractories
• Drafting Committee: C08.01 - Strength

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C1099-07(2012) - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Carbon-Containing Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM E220-13 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2013
• Refers: ASTM C583-10 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2010
• Refers: ASTM C583-05(2009) - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Refers: ASTM E220-07a - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2007
• Refers: ASTM E220-07 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
• Effective Date: 01-May-2007
• Refers: ASTM E220-07e1 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
• Effective Date: 01-May-2007
• Refers: ASTM C583-05 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2005
• Refers: ASTM E220-02 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
• Effective Date: 10-May-2002
• Refers: ASTM C583-00 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Refers: ASTM E220-86(1996)e1 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1996
• Referred By: ASTM C1190-18(2022) - Standard Practice for Location of Test Specimens from Magnesia-Carbon and Impregnated Burned Basic Brick
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2019

Overview

ASTM C1099-07(2019) is the internationally recognized standard developed by ASTM for determining the modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractory materials at elevated temperatures. This test method is a critical tool for assessing the strength and reliability of refractories, especially those employed in high-temperature industrial applications such as steelmaking and nonferrous metal processing. By providing a consistent procedure to evaluate how these specialized materials perform under flexural stress at elevated temperatures, this standard plays a key role in quality control, material selection, and research and development.

Key Topics

• Modulus of Rupture Determination: The test method measures the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) of carbon-containing refractories at high temperatures, which is a vital property influencing product performance.
• Testing Conditions: The procedure focuses on testing in an air atmosphere at a specified elevated temperature, typically 2550 °F (1400 °C), though other variables (such as atmosphere type and hold time) may be specified and must be reported.
• Sample Preparation: Standard-sized specimens are prepared from brick or shapes, maintaining alignment with the material’s usage orientation and preserving original surfaces where possible.
• Quality Control and Specification Development: The results support both quality assurance in manufacturing and the development of industry specifications for refractory materials.
• Influence of Variables: Factors including temperature, furnace atmosphere (air vs. argon), hold time before loading, and loading rate can significantly affect test outcomes and must be documented and considered during material evaluation.

Applications

The practical applications of ASTM C1099-07(2019) are diverse and highly valuable to industries that rely on high-performance refractory materials:

• Quality Control: Enables manufacturers to monitor batch consistency and detect undesirable variability in carbon-containing refractory products by routinely performing modulus of rupture tests.
• Research and Development: Supports materials scientists and engineers in developing improved refractory formulations and understanding how key variables influence material performance at service temperatures.
• Product Suitability Evaluation: Allows users to determine the suitability of specific carbon-containing refractories-such as magnesia-carbon or resin-bonded bricks-for challenging conditions found in furnaces, ladles, and linings.
• Compliance and Specification: Helps organizations ensure that materials used in construction or repair meet required mechanical strength standards and comply with international practices.
• Regulatory and Safety Assurance: Provides a reliable framework for adhering to global trade and safety regulations regarding refractory material performance.

Related Standards

For comprehensive refractory material testing and international alignment, the following related standards are often referenced alongside ASTM C1099-07(2019):

• ASTM C583 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
• ASTM E220 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Comparison Techniques
• ISO Recommendation 5013 - Determination of the Hot Modulus of Rupture of Shaped and Unshaped Dense and Insulating Refractory Products

Conclusion

ASTM C1099-07(2019) standardizes the measurement of high-temperature modulus of rupture for carbon-containing refractories, supporting quality control, research, and industry specification development. By aligning with internationally recognized testing principles, it ensures accurate, reproducible, and meaningful results for industries that demand dependable refractory performance. This test method is essential for stakeholders aiming to optimize refractory selection, maintain compliance, and enhance operational reliability in high-temperature environments.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1099 − 07 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Modulus of Rupture of Carbon-Containing Refractory
Materials at Elevated Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1099; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modu-
3.1 The modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refracto-
lus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated
ries at elevated temperatures has become accepted as a useful
temperatures in air.
measurement in quality control testing and in research and
development. These measurements are also used to determine
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units and degrees
the suitability of particular products for various applications
Fahrenheit are to be regarded as standard. The values given in
and to develop specifications. The sample may undergo some
parentheses are for information only.
oxidation during the test.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 In 1988, ruggedness testing was conducted on this test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
procedure. The following variables were studied:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2.1 Testing temperature (2525 (1385) versus 2575 °F
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(1413 °C)),
For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.
3.2.2 Air atmosphere versus argon atmosphere in the
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
furnace,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.3 Hold time prior to breaking the sample (12 versus
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
18 min), and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2.4 Loading rate on the sample (175 (778) versus 350 lb-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ⁄min (1556 N/min)).
3.3 Resin-bonded magnesia-carbon brick containing ap-
2. Referenced Documents
proximately 17 % carbon after coking were tested in two
2.1 ASTM Standards:
separate ruggedness tests. Metal-free brick were tested in the
C583 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory
first ruggedness test, while aluminum-containing brick were
Materials at Elevated Temperatures
tested in the second. Results were analyzed at a 95 % confi-
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
dence level.
Comparison Techniques
3.4 For the metal-free brick, the presence of an argon
2.2 ISO Standard:
atmosphereandholdtimehadstatisticallysignificanteffectson
ISO Recommendation 5013 Determination of the Hot
the modulus of rupture at 2550 °F (1400 °C). The argon
Modulus of Rupture of Shaped and Unshaped Dense and
atmosphere yielded a lower modulus of rupture. The samples
Insulating Refractory Products
tested in air had a well-sintered decarburized zone on the
exterior surfaces, possibly explaining the higher moduli of
rupture. The longer hold time caused a lower result for the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
metal-free brick.
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.
Current edition approved April 1, 2019. Published April 2019. Originally
3.5 For the aluminum-containing brick, testing temperature,
approved in 1992. Previous edition approved in 2012 as C1099 – 07 (2012). DOI:
the presence of an argon atmosphere, and loading rate had
10.1520/C1099-07R19.
statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2550 °F (1400 °C). The higher testing temperature increased
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the measured result, the presence of an argon atmosphere
the ASTM website.
lowered the result, and the higher loading rate increased the
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. result.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1099 − 07 (2019)
4. Apparatus parallel to the longest dimension. For irregular shapes, all four
longsurfacesofthespecimenmaybecutfaces.Notethisinthe
4.1 Electrically Heated Furnace—An electrically heated
report.
furnace should be used. The furnace will contain an air
atmosphere. 7.2 The test specimens shall be prepared from brick as they
are to be used. They shall not be coked prior to testing.
4.2 Lower Bearing Edges, at least one pair, made from
volume-stable refractory material (Note 1) shall be installed in 7.3 Opposite faces of the specimen shall be parallel, and
the furnace on 5-in. (127-mm) centers. adjacent faces shall be perpendicular.
4.3 Thrust Column, containing the top bearing edge that is 7.4 Measure the width and depth of the test specimen at
made from the same volume-stable refractory material used for midspan to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.3 mm).
thelowerbearingedges,shallextendoutsidethefurnacewhere
8. Procedure
means are provided for applying a load.
4.3.1 The lower bearing edges and the bearing end of the 8.1 Preheat the furnace to the test temperature and allow it
support column shall have rounded bearing surfaces having
to soak until thermal equilibrium is established.
about a ⁄4-in. (6-mm) radius (Note 2). The lower bearing
8.2 Specify the test temperature as 2550 6 10 °F (1400 6
surfaces may be made adjustable, but must attain the standard
6 °C). Note any deviation from 2550 °F in the report.
span of 5 6 ⁄32 in. (127 6 2 mm). The length of the lower
8.3 Once thermal equilibrium is established, open the fur-
bearing surfaces shall exceed the specimen width by about
nace door, place one specimen on the lower bearing edges
⁄4 in. The load shall be applied to the upper bearing edge by
keeping the original brick surface as the tension surface, and
any suitable means. Instrumentation for measuring the load
close the door as quickly as possible.
shall be accurate to 1 %.
4.3.2 The thrust column shall be maintained in vertical
8.4 Hold the sample for 15 min 6 30 s. Bring the top
alignment and all bearing surfaces shall be parallel in both
bearing edge to bear at mid-span on the specimen, ensure
horizontal directions.
proper alignment of the bearing surfaces, and apply pressure
through the loading mechanism until failure of the specimen
NOTE 1—A minimum of 90 % alumina conte
...