ASTM C1407-23

Standard Practice for Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory Shapes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.  
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.  
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2023
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C08 - Refractories
• Drafting Committee: C08.03 - Physical Properties

Relations

• Refers: ASTM C830-00(2011) - Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2011
• Refers: ASTM C830-00(2006) - Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2006
• Refers: ASTM C20-00(2005) - Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2005
• Refers: ASTM C830-00 - Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2000
• Refers: ASTM C20-00 - Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2000

Overview

ASTM C1407-23: Standard Practice for Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory Shapes provides standardized methods for evaluating the geometric properties of irregular refractory specimens. This practice is essential for accurately determining the area, volume, and dimensional changes of refractories that do not conform to simple geometric shapes. The document addresses industry needs for reliable measurement where conventional linear techniques may not be effective, especially in the case of fireclay steel-teeming nozzles, sleeves, and blast furnace checkers. All calculations are conducted in SI units to ensure global consistency.

Key Topics

• Geometric Calculations of Irregular Shapes: This standard outlines procedures for calculating area and volume for refractory specimens with a constant cross-sectional area over a defined length (L), especially those with non-standard, irregular shapes.
• Creep and Reheat Change Assessment: Methods are provided for determining “creep properties” based on average cross-sectional area, as well as for classifying fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves by their volume reheat change.
• Refractory Volume and Linear Change: ASTM C1407-23 details how to calculate the volume change and, by extension, the linear change (shrinkage or expansion) exhibited by refractories exposed to high temperatures.
• Reference to Standard Test Methods: The practice relies on appropriate weighing, measurement, and calculation techniques, often in conjunction with related ASTM test methods (e.g., ASTM C20, ASTM C830) for key parameters such as density and initial volume.
• Safety Considerations: The standard requires users to establish their own safety, health, and environmental practices in accordance with local regulations.

Applications

ASTM C1407-23 serves a range of practical applications for industries involved with refractory materials, such as steelmaking, foundries, and high-temperature processing:

• Quality Control of Refractory Shapes: Manufacturers use these calculation methods to classify and qualify refractory products where conventional measurement tools are insufficient due to irregular geometries.
• Creep Testing in Blast Furnaces: For checker bricks in blast furnaces, accurately determining area and creep resistance helps maintain optimal furnace performance and longevity.
• Reheat Change Evaluation: The practice supports the analysis of fireclay nozzles and sleeves for volume changes that occur during thermal cycling, which is crucial for performance in steel-teeming applications.
• Standardized Reporting: Complying with this ASTM standard allows organizations to produce consistent, trustworthy measurement data for internal quality checks or to meet procurement specifications.
• Research and Development: Laboratories and research centers can use these standardized methods to refine material formulations and processing techniques based on reliable dimensional change data.

Related Standards

For a comprehensive approach to refractory testing and evaluation, the following related ASTM standards are frequently referenced alongside ASTM C1407-23:

• ASTM C20: Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
• ASTM C830: Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure

These standards offer complementary procedures for specimen preparation, weighing, and density assessment, ensuring robust and comparable results across the refractory industry.

Keywords: refractory shapes, area calculation, volume calculation, linear change, irregular specimens, fireclay nozzles, fireclay sleeves, blast furnace checkers, creep properties, reheat change, ASTM C1407-23, refractory testing, SI units, standard measurement practices

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1407 − 23
Standard Practice for
Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory
Shapes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure.
This practice determines the volume without depending upon
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas,
physical linear measurements.
volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory
specimens. 3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections
are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area
the average cross-sectional area.
over a length (L).
4. Procedure
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
4.1 The test specimens shall have their dry weight (W) and
volume (V) measured using the standard procedure described
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in Test Methods C20 or C830.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 Measure the length to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
record as L.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Calculation
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
5.1 Area of Specimens:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1.1
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
volume~V! ~C20 or C830! cm
2 24 2
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical area A 5 5 cm 10 m (1)
~ ! ~ !
length L cm
~ ! ~ !
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1.2
2. Referenced Documents
weight W g
~ ! ~ !
3 26 3
2 volume~V! 5 5 cm ~10 m ! (2)
2.1 ASTM Standards: bulk density ~g/cm !
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,
5.1.3 Illustration:
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
Weight (W) = 375.2 g
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
3 3
Bulk Density = 2.56 g/cm (Mg/m )
C830 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid –2
Length (L) = 10.80 cm (10 m)
Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density
375.2
3 26 3
of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
V 5 5 146.56 cm 10 m (3)
~ !
2.56
Volume 146.56
3. Significance and Use
2 24 2
A 5 5 5 13.58 cm ~10 m ! (4)
Length 10.80 ~10 m!
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified
5.2 Volume Change of Reheat Specimens:
by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results
V 2 V
B A
% volume change ΔV 5 × 100 (5)
~ !
V
A
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories
and is the direct responsibility of S
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1407 − 98 (Reapproved 2016) C1407 − 23
Standard Practice for
Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory
Shapes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.
1.2 Areas of irregular (both conventional and shaped) specimens are required for determining the creep of certain refractory
products.The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).
1.3 Linear and volume changes or irregularly shaped refractories are required for determining reheat change.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory
Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
C830 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes
by Vacuum Pressure
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in
irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical
linear measurements.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2016May 1, 2023. Published June 2016June 2023. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
C1407 – 98 (2016).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/C1407-98R16.10.1520/C1407-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
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C1407 − 23
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the
average cross-sectional area without requiring area measurements.area.
4. Procedure
4.1 The test specimens shall have their dry weight (W) and volume (V ) pre
...