ASTM C1407-23

Standard Practice for Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory Shapes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.  
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.  
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2023
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C08 - Refractories
• Drafting Committee: C08.03 - Physical Properties

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1407 − 23
Standard Practice for
Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory
1
Shapes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure.
This practice determines the volume without depending upon
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas,
physical linear measurements.
volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory
specimens. 3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections
are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area
the average cross-sectional area.
over a length (L).
4. Procedure
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
4.1 The test specimens shall have their dry weight (W) and
volume (V) measured using the standard procedure described
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in Test Methods C20 or C830.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 Measure the length to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
record as L.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Calculation
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
5.1 Area of Specimens:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1.1
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3
volume~V! ~C20 or C830! cm
2 24 2
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical area A 5 5 cm 10 m (1)
~ ! ~ !
length L cm
~ ! ~ !
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1.2
2. Referenced Documents
weight W g
~ ! ~ !
3 26 3
2 volume~V! 5 5 cm ~10 m ! (2)
3
2.1 ASTM Standards: bulk density ~g/cm !
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,
5.1.3 Illustration:
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
Weight (W) = 375.2 g
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
3 3
Bulk Density = 2.56 g/cm (Mg/m )
C830 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid –2
Length (L) = 10.80 cm (10 m)
Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density
375.2
3 26 3
of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
V 5 5 146.56 cm 10 m (3)
~ !
2.56
Volume 146.56
3. Significance and Use
2 24 2
A 5 5 5 13.58 cm ~10 m ! (4)
22
Length 10.80 ~10 m!
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified
5.2 Volume Change of Reheat Specimens:
by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results
V 2 V
B A
% volume change ΔV 5 × 100 (5)
~ !
V
A
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories
and is the direct responsibility of S
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1407 − 98 (Reapproved 2016) C1407 − 23
Standard Practice for
Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory
1
Shapes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.
1.2 Areas of irregular (both conventional and shaped) specimens are required for determining the creep of certain refractory
products.The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).
1.3 Linear and volume changes or irregularly shaped refractories are required for determining reheat change.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory
Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
C830 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes
by Vacuum Pressure
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in
irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical
linear measurements.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2016May 1, 2023. Published June 2016June 2023. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
C1407 – 98 (2016).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/C1407-98R16.10.1520/C1407-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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C1407 − 23
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the
average cross-sectional area without requiring area measurements.area.
4. Procedure
4.1 The test specimens shall have their dry weight (W) and volume (V ) pre-determinedmeasured using the standard procedure
A
described in Test Methods C20 or C830.
4.2 Dry the specimens to constant weight.
4.3 Weigh the specimens to the nearest 0.1 g and record as W.
4.2 If the specimens have parallel faces (such as ground surfaces for applying load for creep data) measure the Measure the length
to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and record as L.
5. Calculation
5.1 Area of Creep Specimens (Irregular Cross-Sections): Specimens:
5.1.1
3
volume~V! ~C20 or C830! cm
2 24 2
area A 5 5 cm 10 m (1)
~ ! ~ !
length L cm
~ ! ~ !
5.1.2
weight W g
~ ! ~ !
3 26 3
volume~V!5 5 cm ~10 m ! (2)
3
bulk density ~g/cm !
5.1.3 Illustration:
Weight (W) = 375.2 g
3 3
Bulk Density = 2.56 g/cm (Mg/m )
–2
Length (L) = 10.795 cm (10 m)
–2
Length (L) = 10.80 cm (10 m)
375.2
3 26 3
V 5 5 146.56 cm 10 m (3)
~ !
2.56
Volume 146.56
2 24 2
A 5 5 5 13.58 cm 10 m (4)
~ !
22
Length 10.795 10 m
~ !
Volume 146.56
2 24 2
A 5 5 5 13.58 cm ~10 m ! (4)
22
Length 10.80 ~10 m!
5.2 Volume Change of Reheat Specimens:
V 2 V
B A
% volume change ΔV 5 ×100 (5)
~ !
V
A
where:
3 –6 3
V = original volume, cm (10 m )
A
3 –6 3
V = final reheat volum
...