ASTM E2010-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Window Assemblies
Standard Test Method for Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Window Assemblies
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers fire-test-response applicable to window assemblies, including glass block and other light transmitting assemblies, for use in walls or partitions to retard the passage of fire (see Appendix X1).
1.2 This fire-test-response test method will determine the ability of window assemblies, including glass block and other light transmitting assemblies, to function as a fire barrier during a standard fire endurance test. Such tests shall not be construed as determining suitability of window assemblies for continued use after fire exposure (see Appendix X1.2).
1.3 This fire-test-response test method is intended to evaluate the ability of window assemblies, including glass block or other light transmitting assemblies, to remain in a wall or partition during a predetermined fire test exposure, which is then followed by the application of a hose stream (see Appendix X1.3).
1.4 The fire exposure is not necessarily representative of all fire conditions, which normally vary with changes in the amount, nature and distribution of fire loading, ventilation, compartment size and configuration, and heat sink characteristics of the compartment. It does, however, provide a relative measure of fire performance of window assemblies under threse specified fire exposure conditions.
1.5 The hose stream test used in this test method is not designed to be representative of an actual hose stream used by a fire department during fire suppression efforts.
1.6 Any variation from the construction or conditions that are tested will possibly change the performance characteristics of the assembly.
1.7 This fire-test-response standard does not provide the following:
1.7.1 The fire endurance of window assemblies in walls or partitions constructed of materials other than those tested.
1.7.2 A temperature measurement on the unexposed surface of the window assembly.
1.7.3 A measurement of smoke or products of combustion that pass through the window assembly.
1.7.4 A measurement of smoke, toxic gases, or other products of combustion generated by the window assembly.
Note 1—The information in 1.7.3 and 1.7.4 may be important in determining the fire hazard or fire risk of window assemblies under actual fire conditions. This information may be determined by other suitable fire test methods. For example, flame spread and smoke development may be determined by Test Method E 84.
1.8 The fire-test-response test method permits through-openings, that are created by cracking, separation, or loss of glazing material, provided they do not exceed specified limits.
1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Note 2—Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance to this test method.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.12 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 2010 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Window Assemblies
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2010; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ucts of combustion generated by the window assembly.
1.1 This test method covers fire-test-response applicable to
NOTE 1—The information in 1.7.3 and 1.7.4 may be important in
window assemblies, including glass block and other light
determining the fire hazard or fire risk of window assemblies under actual
fire conditions. This information may be determined by other suitable fire
transmitting assemblies, for use in walls or partitions to retard
test methods. For example, flame spread and smoke development may be
the passage of fire (see Appendix X1).
determined by Test Method E 84.
1.2 This fire-test-response test method will determine the
ability of window assemblies, including glass block and other 1.8 This fire-test-response test method permits through-
light transmitting assemblies, to function as a fire barrier openings, that are created by cracking, separation, or loss of
glazing material, provided they do not exceed specified limits.
during a standard fire endurance test. Such tests shall not be
construed as determining suitability of window assemblies for 1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to
be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the SI
continued use after fire exposure (see Appendix X1.2).
1.3 This fire-test-response test method is intended to evalu- units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system
are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
ate the ability of window assemblies, including glass block or
other light transmitting assemblies, to remain in a wall or independently of the other.
partition during a predetermined fire test exposure, which is
NOTE 2—Combining values from the two systems may result in
then followed by the application of a hose stream (see
non-conformance to this test method.
Appendix X1.3).
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.4 The fire exposure is not necessarily representative of all
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fire conditions, which normally vary with changes in the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
amount, nature and distribution of fire loading, ventilation,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
compartment size and configuration, and heat sink character-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
istics of the compartment. It does, however, provide a relative
1.11 This standard is used to measure and describe the
measure of fire performance of window assemblies under these
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
specified fire exposure conditions.
flame under controlled conditions, but boes not by itself
1.5 The hose stream test used in this test method is not
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
designed to be representative of an actual hose stream used by
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
a fire department during fire suppression efforts.
actual fire conditions.
1.6 Any variation from the construction or conditions that
1.12 The text of this test method references notes and
are tested will possibly change the performance characteristics
footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and
of the assembly.
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
1.7 This fire-test-response standard does not provide the
considered as requirements of this test method.
following:
1.7.1 The fire endurance of window assemblies in walls or
2. Referenced Documents
partitions constructed of materials other than those tested.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.7.2 A temperature measurement on the unexposed surface
E 119 Tests Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
of the window assembly.
and Materials
1.7.3 A measurement of smoke or products of combustion
E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
that pass through the window assembly.
E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
1.7.4 A measurement of smoke, toxic gases, or other prod-
2.2 UL Standard:
UL 385 Standard for Play Pipes for Water Supply Testing in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire
Endurance.
Annual Book of Standards, Vol 04.07.
Current edition approved April 10, 1999. Published July 1999.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 2010
Fire-Protection Service, 1993 the passage of a stream of water. This data is too imprecise for
quality control purposes.
3. Terminology
6. Apparatus
3.1 Definitions—For the purpose of this test method, the
definitions given in Terminology E 176 and Terminology 6.1 Furnace and Test Frame:
6.1.1 The furnace construction shall be suitable to meet the
E 631, together with the following, shall apply:
3.1.1 fire window assembly, n—a window or glass block requirements of the fire test protocol. An example of the
furnace and test frame is illustrated in Fig. 1 (see Appendix
configuration, intended for use in walls or partitions, for which
a fire endurance rating has been determined in accordance with X1.4).
6.1.2 The height and width of the furnace opening shall be
this fire-test-response standard.
3.1.2 glass block assembly, n—a light transmitting configu- greater than the test assembly’s corresponding dimension.
6.1.3 The furnace shall be heated with burners that are fired
ration constructed of glass block held together with mortar or
other suitable materials. using either natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases. The
burners shall:
3.1.3 glazing material, n—transparent or translucent mate-
rial used in fire window assemblies. 6.1.3.1 Have a controllable heat output.
6.1.3.2 Be able to expose the test sample to the uniform
3.1.4 light flame, n—a flame approximately 6 in. (152 mm)
heating of the standard time-temperature curve.
long.
6.2 Pressure-Sensing Probes:
3.1.5 through-opening, n—a uninterrupted hole in the test
6.2.1 The pressure-sensing probes shall be either:
assembly that is seen from the unexposed side when viewing
the suspected hole from a position perpendicular to the plane of 6.2.1.1 A T-shaped sensor as shown in Fig. 2, or
6.2.1.2 A tube sensor as shown in Fig. 3.
the test assembly.
3.1.6 window assembly, n—an integrally fabricated unit 6.3 Differential Pressure Measurement Instruments:
6.3.1 The differential pressure measurement instrument
containing a glazed light(s) placed in an opening in a wall or
partition and that is intended primarily for the transmission of shall be:
6.3.1.1 A manometer or equivalent transducer, and
light, or light and air, and not primarily as an entrance or exit.
6.3.1.2 Capable of reading in graduated increments of no
4. Summary of Test Method
greater than 0.01 in. H O (2.5 Pa) with a precision of not less
4.1 This fire-test-response test method describes the follow- than 6 0.005 in. H O(6 1.25 Pa).
6.4 Hose Stream Delivery System:
ing test sequence and procedure.
4.1.1 A window assembly is exposed to a standard fire 6.4.1 The hose stream delivery system shall consist of:
6.4.1.1 A standard 2- ⁄2 in. (64 mm) diameter hose attached
exposure, controlled to achieve specified temperatures and
pressures throughout a specified time period. to a national standard play pipe as described in UL 385.
6.4.1.2 The play pipe shall have an overall length of 30 6
4.1.2 After the fire endurance test, the window assembly is
subjected to a hose stream test. 0.25 in. (762 6 6 mm) and shall be equipped with a standard
1- ⁄8 in. (28.5 mm) discharge tip of the standard-taper-smooth-
5. Significance and Use
bore pattern without shoulder at the orifice.
6.4.1.3 The play pipe shall be fitted with a standard 2- ⁄2 in.
5.1 In this fire-test-response test method, the test specimens
(64 mm) inside dimension by 6 in. (153 mm) long nipple
are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test
mounted between the hose and the base of the play pipe.
conditions. When different test conditions are substituted or the
6.4.1.4 A pressure tap for measuring the water pressure at
end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by, or
from, this test method to predict changes to the characteristics the base of the nozzle shall be normal to the surface of the
measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the exposure
conditions described in this test method.
5.2 This fire-test-response standard determines the fire en-
durance, in elapsed min, during the test exposure and develops
data to enable regulatory bodies to determine the suitability of
window assemblies for use in locations where fire resistance of
a specified duration is required.
5.3 The data is not intended to be used to describe or
appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or
assemblies under actual fire conditions.
5.4 This fire-test-response test method requires that obser-
vations be made and recorded relevant to the passage of flame.
This data is too imprecise for quality control purposes.
5.5 This fire-test-response test method uses a hose stream
test to assess the durability of the window assembly relevant to
Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. FIG. 1 Furnace and Test Frame
E 2010
6.5.2 Other types of protection tubes or pyrometers are
permitted to be used provided that under test conditions they
give the same indications as those of 6.5.1 within the limit of
accuracy that applies for furnace-temperature measurements.
7. Time-Temperature Curve
7.1 The fire exposure of window assemblies shall be con-
trolled to conform to the applicable portion of the standard
time-temperature curve shown in Fig. 4 (see X2.5).
7.1.1 For a more detailed definition of the time-temperature
curve, refer to Table 1.
7.1.2 The temperature inside the furnace recorded at the
start of the test shall be considered ambient.
8. Furnace Temperatures
FIG. 2 T-Shaped Sensor 8.1 The temperatures of the test exposure shall be deemed to
be the average temperature obtained from the readings of not
less than nine thermocouples symmetrically disposed and
distributed to show the temperature near all parts of the test
assembly (see X1.6).
8.2 Originally locate the junction of the thermocouples 6 6
0.25 in. (152 6 6 mm) from the exposed face of the test
assembly or from the wall or partition in which the assembly is
installed.
8.2.1 Verify the distance established in 8.2 at intervals not
exceeding 10 min during the first 30 min of the test and
thereafter at intervals not exceeding 30 min.
8.2.2 If the distance is not as specified in 8.2, reset the
distance to comply with 8.2.
8.3 The furnace temperatures shall be measured and re-
corded at intervals not exceeding 1 min.
FIG. 3 Tube Sensor
8.4 The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such that
nipple, shall be centered in its length, and shall not protrude
into the water stream.
6.4.1.5 A suitable pressure gauge capable of reading a
minimum of 0–50 psi (0–344.8 kPa) and graduated into no
greater than 2 psi (13.8 kPa) increments shall be used to
measure the water pressure.
6.5 Furnace Thermocouples:
6.5.1 The furnace thermocouples shall:
6.5.1.1 Be protected by sealed porcelain tubes having a
3 1
nominal ⁄4 in. (19 mm) outside diameter and ⁄8 in. (3 mm) wall
thickness, or, as an alternative, in the case of base metal
thermocouples, protected by a standard ⁄2 in. (13 mm) diam-
eter wrought steel or wrought iron pipe of standard weight, and
6.5.1.2 Have a time constant between the range of 6.0 to 7.2
min while encased in the tubes described in 6.5.1.1.
NOTE 3—A typical thermocouple assembly meeting these time constant
requirements may be fabricated by fusion-welding the twisted ends of No.
18 gage Chromel-Alumel wires, mounting the leads in porcelain insulators
and inserting the assembly so the thermocouple bed is 0.5 in. (25 mm)
from the sealed end of the standard weight nominal ⁄2 in. iron, steel, or
Inconel pipe. The time constant for this and for several other thermo-
couple assemblies was measured in 1976. The time constant may also be
calculated from knowledge of its physical and thermal properties.
Inconel is a registered trade name of INCO Alloys, Inc., 3800 Riverside Dr.,
Huntington, WV 25720.
Supporting data is available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:E05-1001. FIG. 4 Standard Time-Temperature Curve
E 2010
TABLE 1 Standard Time-Temperature Curve for Control of Fire
9. Furnace Pressure
Tests
9.1 The pressure in the furnace shall be measured using
Area Above 68°F Area Above 20°C
Temperature Temperature
pressure-sensing probes which comply with 6.2 (see Appendix
Time base base
X1.10).
(°F) (°C)
(h/min) (°F·min) (°F·h) (°C·min) (°C·h)
9.2 The pressure in the furnace shall be measured using at
0:00 68 0 0 20 0 0
least two probes located within the furnace and separated by a
0:05 1 000 2 330 39 538 1 290 22
vertical distance of at least 6 ft. (1.8 m).
0:10 1 300 7 740 129 704 4 300 72
0:15 1 399 14 150 236 760 7 860 131
9.3 Locate the probes as near to the centerline of the furnace
0:20 1 462 20 970 350 795 11 650 14
opening as practical.
0:25 1 510 28 050 468 821 15 590 260
0:30 1 550 35 360 589 843 19 650 328 9.4 Use a differential pressure measurement instrument
0:35 1 584 42 860 714 862 23 810 397
which complies with 5.3 to measure the pressure. Locate the
0:40 1 613 50 510 842 878 28 060 468
differential pressure measurement instrument to minimize the
0:45 1 638 58 300 971 892 32 390 540
“stack” effects caused by vertical runs of pressure tubing
0:50 1 661 66 200 1 103 905 36 780 613
0:55 1 681 74 220 1 237 916 41 230 687
between the furnace probe and instrument locations.
1:00 1 700 82 330 1 372 927 45 740 762
1:05 1 718 90 540 1 509 937 50 300 838
10. Test Assemblies
1:10 1 735 98 830 1 647 946 54 910 915
1:15 1 650 107 200 1 787 955 59 560 993
10.1 Construction and Size:
1:20 1 765 115 650 1 928 963 64 250 1 071
10.1.1 Make the window assembly full size (see X1.8).
1:25 1 779 124 180 2 070 971 68 990 1 150
Make the design, construction, material, workmanship, and
1:30 1 792 132 760 2 213 978 73 760 1 229
1:35 1 804 141 420 2 357 985 78 560 1 309 hardware of the test window assembly representative of that for
1:40 1 815 150 120 2 502 991
...
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