ASTM C50-00
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging, and Marking of Lime and Limestone Products
Standard Practice for Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging, and Marking of Lime and Limestone Products
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the collection and reduction of samples of lime and limestone products to be used for physical and chemical tests.
1.2 This practice further covers inspection, rejection, retesting, packing, and marking of lime and limestone products as it may be used in the chemical, agricultural, and process industries.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C50–00
Standard Practice for
Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging, and Marking of
Lime and Limestone Products
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationC 50;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the collection and
reduction of samples of lime and limestone products to be used
3. Terminology
for physical and chemical tests.
3.1 accuracy—a term generally used to indicate the reliabil-
1.2 This practice further covers inspection, rejection, retest-
ity of a sample, a measurement, or an observation and is a
ing, packing, and marking of lime and limestone products as it
measure of closeness of agreement between an experimental
may be used in the chemical, agricultural, and process indus-
result and the true value.
tries.
3.2 bias (systematic error)—an error that is consistently
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
negative or consistently positive. The mean of errors resulting
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fromaseriesofobservationswhichdoesnottendtowardszero.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.3 chance error—error that has equal probability of being
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
positive or negative. The mean of the chance errors resulting
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from a series of observations that tends toward zero as the
2. Referenced Documents number of observations approach infinity.
3.4 combined water—water that is chemically bonded to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
calcium or magnesium oxide to form hydrate.
C 51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used
3.5 error—the difference of an observation or a group of
by the Industry)
observations from the best obtainable estimate of the true
C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to
3 value.
Testing Size
3.6 free water—water that is not chemically bonded to
D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
calcium or magnesium oxide.
D 2234 Test Methods for Collection of a Gross Sample of
3.7 grosssample—a sample representing one lot of material
Coal
and composed of a number of increments on which neither
D 3665 Practice for Random Sampling of Construction
reduction nor division has been performed.
Materials
3.8 increment—a small portion of the lot collected by one
E 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing
operation of a sampling device and normally combined with
Purposes
6 other increments from the lot to make a gross sample.
E 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
3.9 laboratory sample—refers to the sample after the initial
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
preparation from which the analytical sample is obtained.
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
3.10 lot—a discrete quantity of material for which the
E 141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the
overall quality to a particular precision needs to be determined.
Results of Probability Sampling
3.11 precision—a term used to indicate the capability of a
person, an instrument, or a method to obtain repeatable results;
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Lime and
specifically, a measure of the chance error as expressed by the
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.06 on Physical Tests.
variance, the standard error, or a multiple of the standard error
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. Published January 2001. Originally
(see Practice E 177).
published as C 50 22 T. Last previous edition C 50 – 99.
3.12 representative sample—a sample collected in such a
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
manner that every particle in the lot to be sampled is equally
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
represented in the gross or divided sample.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C50
3.13 sample—a quantity of material taken from a larger 4.5 This practice may be used to provide a representative
quantity for the purpose of estimating properties or composi- sample of lime or limestone products. Due to the variability of
tion of the larger quantity. limestone and lime and the wide variety of sampling equip-
3.14 sample division—the process whereby a sample is ment, caution must be exercised in all stages of sampling, from
system specification and equipment procurement to equipment
reduced in weight without change in particle size.
3.15 sample preparation—the process that may include acceptance testing and actually taking the final sample.
crushing, dividing, and mixing of a gross or divided sample for
the purpose of obtaining a representative analysis sample. 5. Incremental Collection
3.16 sampling unit—a quantity of material from which a
5.1 For the number and weight of increments refer to
gross sample is obtained. A lot may contain several sampling
Practice E 122.
units.
5.2 The number of samples required depends on the in-
3.17 segregation variance of increment collection, Ss —the
tended use of the material, the quantity of material involved,
variance caused by nonrandom distribution of inert material or
and the variations both in quality and size.Asufficient number
other constituent in the lot.
of samples shall be obtained to cover all variations in the
3.18 sizeconsist—the particle size distribution of quicklime
material.
or hydrated lime.
5.3 The quantity of sample to be taken will depend on the
3.19 standard deviation—the square root of the variance.
size of the material to be sampled and the amount of informa-
3.20 subsample—a sample taken from another sample.
tion to be obtained from the sample. Caution must be taken to
3.21 top size—the opening of the smallest screen in the ensure a statistically correct amount of material is selected for
series upon which is retained less than 5 % of the sample.
all testing, and sufficient quantities of material retained for
3.22 total variance, So —the overall variance resulting reserved purposes. Recommended reference documents would
include Practices E 105 and E 122.
from collecting single increments, and including division and
analysis of the single increments. 5.4 Particle Size:
5.4.1 Generally, a large range of particle sizes for a given
3.23 unbiased sample—a sample free of bias or a represen-
material requires a larger bulk sample size. The amount of the
tative sample.
sample increment is then dependent upon the largest particle
3.24 unit variance (random variance of increment collec-
size encountered. The sample amount is determined by re-
tion), Sr —the theoretical variance calculated for a uniformly
peated testing to determine the bias between successive incre-
mixed lot and extrapolate to 0.5-kg (1-lb) increment size.
ments, and then to reduce this bias to acceptable limits.
3.25 variance—the mean square of deviation (or errors) of
5.4.2 Thechemistrymaychangerelativetotheparticlesize.
a set of observations; the sum of squared deviations (or errors)
It is important that all particle sizes proportioned relative to
ofindividualobservationswithrespecttotheirarithmeticmean
their distribution be in the parent material.
divided by the number of observations less one (degrees of
5.5 Large material transfer rates result in large incremental
freedom); the square of the standard deviation (or standard
samples. The sample must be representative of the entire
error).
cross-section flow of material. The amount of sample and
number of increments must be determined prior to sampling.
4. Significance and Use
Randomized sampling should be used where appropriate to
4.1 The following practices are to be used in obtaining
minimize unintentional bias.
samples that are representative of the lot being sampled. The
methodology used will be dependent upon the size and type of
6. Random Sampling
material sampled and testing requirements.
6.1 Practices D 3665, E 105, and E 122 can be used to
4.2 Thefollowingpracticesareintendedforuseinobtaining
minimize unintentional bias when obtaining a representative
samples from material that is ready for sale and are not
sample. Depending upon what comprises the lot of material,
intended as sampling procedures for quality control purposes.
sampling can be extended to specific shipping units chosen on
These practices are to be used in obtaining a laboratory sample
a random basis.
that will yield results serving as a basis for acceptance or
6.2 Collect increments with such frequency that the entire
rejection of the lot of material sampled. This does not preclude
quantity of material will be represented in the gross sample.
the use of these practices for quality control purposes.
Due to the variability of lime and limestone products and the
4.3 The following practices can be used to eliminate bias in
wide variety of sampling equipment, caution must exercised in
sampling. The person or persons responsible for using these
all stages of sampling.
practices must be trained and they will be conscientious and
timely in their use.
7. Sampling Plan
4.4 An agreement between the producer and the consumer
on location of sampling, either at the producer’s plant or at the 7.1 Purpose:
destination, is encouraged. Product quality can be affected 7.1.1 Adequate methods for obtaining representative
through careless handling, improper protection, and delayed samples for testing the chemical and physical properties of a
shipment. It is preferable to sample at the point of loading.The shipment of lime or limestone are essential. The sale and use
consumer has the right to witness the sampling practices being are dependent upon the chemical or physical properties, or
used. both.
C50
7.1.2 The sampling plan specifies the minimum weights and recommended weight for a bulk sample, multiply the incre-
the number of increments required in each step of the proce- ment requirement times the minimum increment weight from
dure to meet the objectives of the testing. Table 1.
7.1.3 The sampling plan should include the personnel doing 7.6.2 The increments and weights listed in Table 1 are only
the sampling, preservation or protection of the samples, loca-
recommendations and are not based upon a statistical model.
tion of sampling, the sampling procedure to be used, sample For more accurate methods to determine weights and incre-
preparation required, and the tests to be performed.
ments required, refer to Practices E 105, E 122, and E 141 and
7.1.4 Proper sampling involves understanding and consid- Test Methods D 2234.
eration of the minimum number and weight of increments, the
7.6.3 For randomized sampling, refer to Practice D 3665.
particle size of the material, sample preparation, variability of
1/2
N 5N @specific lot size ~tons! / 1000 tons# (1)
2 1
the constituent sought, and the degree of precision required.
7.2 Personnel:
where:
7.2.1 It is imperative that a sample is collected carefully and
N = minimum increments required, per 1000 ton lot, and
conscientiously. If the sampling is done improperly, the sample N = increments required for specified lot size.
is in error and any subsequent analysis is not representative of
7.7 Mechanical Sampling Devices—There are several dif-
the lot being sampled. Further, a second sample may be
ferent types of mechanical sampling devices available for
impossible to obtain. If an analysis is in error, another analysis
many of the sampling procedures mentioned in Section 8. Due
is impractical on an incorrectly obtained sample. Whereas, a
to the variety of types, it is impractical to specifically identify
second analysis is possible, if the first was in error, if the initial
each device. Prior to using any mechanical sampling device, it
sampling was correct.
needs to be determined that the device is capable of taking an
7.2.2 Because of the importance of proper sampling and the
unbiased, representative sample of the material in question.
resulting information, individuals engaged in sampling and
sample preparation must be qualified by training and experi-
8. Sampling Procedures (See Sampling Procedure Flow
ence and possess a thorough understanding of sampling prac-
Chart (Fig. 1) for Location of Specific Methods)
tices and techniques or under the direct supervision of such an
individual.
LIMESTONE
7.3 Preservation of Sample:
8.1 Surface Sampling:
7.3.1 Due to the hygroscopic nature of quicklime, samples
8.1.1 Surface sampling is limited in use due to the nonrep-
must be immediately stored in airtight, moisture-proof contain-
resentative sample obtained. For exploration purposes, a sur-
ers to avoid air-slaking and subsequent absorption of carbon
face sample can produce information with respect to the
dioxide.
characteristics of a deposit. It is critical to remember that a
7.3.2 Due to the generally soft characteristics of quicklime,
surface sample is not representative and can only be used to
proper handling to avoid degradation must be practiced if the
determine if more detailed sampling and testing may be
sample is to be used for particle size determination.
justified.
7.4 Location of Sampling—The process type and the pro-
8.1.2 Obtain the necessary information to determine a
cess measurements required determine the sampling location.
suitable location for sampling. Choose sites that will best
Sites should be selected to allow for safe, easy access to a
satisfy the purpose of sampling. Describe and record observa-
representative cross section of the process material.
tions on the characteristics of the portion of the deposit being
7.5 Choice of Sampling Procedure—The choice of sam-
sampled to the extent required by the sampling plan. It is
pling procedure to be used is dependent on three things. First,
imperative for the sample collected to be of sufficient size to
it is necessary to define the lot or batch of material to be
perform any required testing.
sampled. Second, it is necessary to determine the number of
8.2 Face Sampling—Describe and record observations on
incremental samples to be taken from the lot. Third, the choice
the characteristics of the portion of the face being sampled to
of sampling procedure needs to be determined from Section 8
the ex
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