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ASTM D4582-05

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis

Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In the design and operation of reverse osmosis installations, it is important to predict the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids in the concentrate stream and the differences in salt passages for calcium ion, bicarbonate ion, and free CO2, the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream will generally be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the S & DSI for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the reverse osmosis operating parameters.
A positive S & DSI indicates the tendency to form a calcium carbonate scale, which can be damaging to reverse osmosis performance. This practice gives procedures for the adjustment of the S & DSI.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index (S DSI) for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis device. This index is used to determine the need for calcium carbonate scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis installations. This practice is applicable for concentrate streams containing more than 10000 mg/L of total dissolved solids. For concentrate streams containing less than 10000 mg/L of total dissolved solids, refer to Practice D 3739.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2004
ICS
71.120.99 - Other equipment for the chemical industry
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4582-91(2001) - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6161-19 - Standard Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3739-19 - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Langelier Saturation Index for Reverse Osmosis
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005

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ASTM D4582-05 - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index for Reverse OsmosisASTM D4582-05 - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis
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ASTM D4582-05 - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D4582–05
Standard Practice for
Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability
1
Index for Reverse Osmosis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4582; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltra-
tion, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Pro-
1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of
cesses
the Stiff and Davis Stability Index (S & DSI) for the concen-
trate stream of a reverse osmosis device. This index is used to
3. Terminology
determine the need for calcium carbonate scale control in the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in the prac-
operation and design of reverse osmosis installations. This
tice, refer to Terminology D1129 and D6161.
practice is applicable for concentrate streams containing more
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
than 10 000 mg/L of total dissolved solids. For concentrate
3.2.1 For description of terms relating to reverse osmosis,
streams containing less than 10 000 mg/L of total dissolved
refer to Test Methods D4194.
solids, refer to Practice D3739.
4
3.2.2 Stiff and Davis Stability Index (S & DSI) —an index
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
calculated from total dissolved solids, calcium concentration,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
total alkalinity, pH, and solution temperature that shows the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tendency of a water solution to precipitate or dissolve calcium
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
carbonate.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Practice
2. Referenced Documents
2 4.1 This practice consists of calculating the S & DSI index
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for a reverse osmosis concentrate stream from the total
D511 Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In Water
dissolved solids, calcium ion content, total alkalinity, pH, and
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
temperatureofthefeedsolutionandtherecoveryofthereverse
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
osmosis system.
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
4.2 This practice also presents techniques to lower the S &
D1888 Test Methods for Particulate and Dissolved Matter
3 DSI by decreasing the recovery; decreasing the calcium and
in Water
alkalinity concentrations; or by changing the ratio of total
D3739 Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the
alkalinity to free carbon dioxide in the feedwater.
Langelier Saturation Index for Reverse Osmosis
D4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Re-
5. Significance and Use
verse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices
5.1 In the design and operation of reverse osmosis installa-
D4195 Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and
tions, it is important to predict the calcium carbonate scaling
Nanofiltration Application
propertiesoftheconcentratestream.Becauseoftheincreasein
total dissolved solids in the concentrate stream and the differ-
encesinsaltpassagesforcalciumion,bicarbonateion,andfree
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and
CO , the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concen-
2
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion
trate stream will generally be quite different from those of the
Exchange Materials.
feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the S &
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4582–91(2001). DSI for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses
DOI: 10.1520/D4582-05.
and the reverse osmosis operating parameters.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Stiff, H. A. and Davis, L. E., “A Method for Predicting the Tendency of Oil
the ASTM website. Field Waters to Deposit Calcium Carbonate,” Petroleum Transactions, Vol 195,
3
Withdrawn. 1952.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4582–05
5.2 A positive S & DSI indicates the tendency to form a 7.2 Calculate the alkalinity in the concentrate stream from
calcium carbonate scale, which can be damaging to reverse the alkalinity in the feed solution, the recovery of the reverse
osmosis p
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the design and operation of reverse osmosis installations, it is important to predict the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids in the concentrate stream and the differences in salt passages for calcium ion, bicarbonate ion, and free CO2, the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream will generally be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the S & DSI for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the reverse osmosis operating parameters.  
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1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index (S & DSI) for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis device. This index is used to determine the need for calcium carbonate scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis installations. This practice is applicable for concentrate streams containing more than 10 000 mg/L of total dissolved solids. For concentrate streams containing less than 10 000 mg/L of total dissolved solids, refer to Practice D3739.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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5.1 During the operation of an RO system, system conditions such as pressure, temperature, conversion, and feed concentration can vary, causing permeate flow and salt passage to change. To effectively evaluate system performance, it is necessary to compare permeate flow and salt passage data at the same conditions. Since data may not always be obtained at the same conditions, it is necessary to convert the RO data obtained at actual conditions to a set of selected constant conditions, thereby standardizing the data. This practice gives the procedure to standardize RO data.  
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5.1 In the design and operation of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration installations, it is important to predict the CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4 scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids and the increase in concentration of the scaling salts, the scaling properties of the concentrate stream will be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the scaling potential for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration operating parameters.  
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Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the design and operation of reverse osmosis installations, it is important to predict the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids in the concentrate stream and the differences in salt passages for calcium ion, bicarbonate ion, and free CO2, the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream will generally be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the S & DSI for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the reverse osmosis operating parameters.  
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5.1 These practices may be used to determine whether a RO or NF device is free of leaks if the mechanical integrity of the device is to be confirmed. They may also be used to detect leaks in RO or NF devices whose operating performance indicates a possible leak. These practices may be used for either new or used devices.
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1.1 These practices cover detecting leaks in which there is a direct communication between the feed or concentrate, or both, and the permeate. Several types of leaks are possible with the various configurations of reverse-osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) devices.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During the operation of an RO system, system conditions such as pressure, temperature, conversion, and feed concentration can vary, causing permeate flow and salt passage to change. To effectively evaluate system performance, it is necessary to compare permeate flow and salt passage data at the same conditions. Since data may not always be obtained at the same conditions, it is necessary to convert the RO data obtained at actual conditions to a set of selected constant conditions, thereby standardizing the data. This practice gives the procedure to standardize RO data.  
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Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of Sulfate Scaling Salts (CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4) for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the design and operation of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration installations, it is important to predict the CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4 scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids and the increase in concentration of the scaling salts, the scaling properties of the concentrate stream will be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the scaling potential for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration operating parameters.  
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1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.  
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