ASTM F2547-06(2013)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation Generated During the Use of X-ray Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide a standardized test procedure of protective materials to ensure comparable results among manufacturers and users.  
5.2 This test method involves measurement of the attenuation of X-rays by protective clothing material at an accelerating potential (kVp) between 60 and 130 kVp. These energies are considered to be representative of those commonly used during medical diagnosis and treatment.  
5.3 The reporting of the attenuation at a specific X-ray energy is intended to allow the end user organization to assess the attenuating properties of the protective clothing material at that energy level.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the attenuation of X-rays by protective materials at accelerating potentials from 60 to 130 kVp.  
1.2 This test method provides attenuation values of primary beam X-radiation.  
1.3 This test method applies to both leaded and non-leaded radiation protective clothing materials.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2013
• ICS: 13.280 - Radiation protection
• Technical Committee: F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
• Drafting Committee: F23.70 - Radiological Hazards

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F2547-06 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation Generated During the Use of X-ray Equipment
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Referred By: ASTM F3094-14(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determining Protection Provided By X-ray Shielding Garments Used in Medical X-ray Fluoroscopy from Sources of Scattered X-Rays
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2547 − 06 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray
Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation
Generated During the Use of X-ray Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope exposure with sample
Attenuation percent 5 1 2 3100 (1)
~ ! S D
exposure without sample
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring
theattenuationofX-raysbyprotectivematerialsataccelerating
3.1.2 lead equivalency, n—For radiological protective
potentials from 60 to 130 kVp.
material, the thickness in millimetres of lead (commonly
designated mmPb) of greater than 99.9 percent purity that
1.2 This test method provides attenuation values of primary
provides the same attenuation as a given protective material.
beam X-radiation.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This test method provides the attenua-
1.3 This test method applies to both leaded and non-leaded
tion of the material and not the lead equivalency. Determining
radiation protective clothing materials.
leadequivalencywouldrequiretestingleadofknownthickness
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and purity, and comparing the attenuation of the protective
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
material with the attenuation of the lead. Although lead
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
equivalency has been the standard for reporting protective
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
material capability, the drafters of this test method believe it is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
not feasible to obtain adequate standard lead samples for
2. Referenced Documents reporting lead equivalency values.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3 secondary radiation, n—radiation outside the primary
F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
X-ray beam.
3. Terminology
3.1.4 scatter radiation, n—a form of secondary radiation
resulting from the interaction of the primary X-ray beam and
3.1 Definitions:
the target (for example, protective material being tested or a
3.1.1 attenuation, n—For radiological protective material,
patient undergoing a medical procedure).
the reduction in the intensity of the X-ray beam resulting from
the interactions between the X-ray beam and the protective
3.1.5 half-value layer (HVL), n—the thickness of aluminum,
material that occur when the X-ray beam passes through the
in millimetres (commonly designated mmAl), that reduces the
protective material.
intensity of the X-ray beam by one half.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In this test method, the attenuation is
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The HVLis dependent on the energy of
calculated as 1 minus the ratio of the measured exposure with
the X-ray beam and, therefore, is different for X-rays produced
a protective material in the beam to the measured exposure
at different accelerating potentials.
without the protective material in the beam at a specific
accelerating potential. Multiplying the resulting value by 100
3.1.6 kilovolts, peak (kVp), n—the maximum electrical po-
gives percent attenuation.
tential across an X-ray tube during an exposure, expressed in
kilovolts.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on Personal
3.1.7 exposure, n—for radiological purposes, the amount of
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
ionization in air at standard conditions caused by interaction
F23.70 on Radiological Hazards.
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approved
with X-rays, expressed in units of Roentgen (R) or milliroent-
in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F2547 - 06. DOI: 10.1520/
gen (mR).
F2547-06R13.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.8 wave form ripple, n—for radiological purposes, the
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
peak-to-peak variation in the output voltage of the X-ray
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. generator.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2547 − 06 (2013)
3.1.9 ionization chamber, n—a device that measures the 6.1.3 The coefficient of variation for kVp does not exceed
electrical charge liberated during the ionization of air mol- 0.05 determined using four consecutive test measurements at
ecules by electromagnetic radiation (X-rays for the purposes of the kVp setting used in testing.
this test method), expressed in units of coulombs per kilogram
6.2 An invasive or non-invasive kVp measuring device
of air.
capable of measuring the kVp accuracy within 0.5 kVp.
3.1.10 shielding, n—for radiological purposes, any material
6.3 An ionization chamber and electrometer capable of
or obstruction that attenuates radiation to protect personnel or
measuring from 1 mR to 5 R.
equipment from the effects of ionizing radiation.
6.4 Shielding material may be used around apparatus to
3.1.11 coeffıcient of variation, n—the ratio of the standard
improve precision.
deviation of a sample to the sample mean.
3.1.12 For definitions of other terms related to protective
7. Hazards
clothing used in this test method, refer to Terminology F1494.
7.1 All individuals performing tests using this test method
4. Summary of Test Method shall wear X-ray protective clothing or be positioned behind
stationary shielding when the X-ray beam is activated.
4.1 A primary X-ray beam with a standardized energy
spectrum and constant intensity is configured to pass through
8. Sampling and Test Specimens
the test set-up.An ionization chamber, calibrated for the energy
range of X-rays produced at accelerating potentials between 60
8.1 Test specimens may come from protective material
to 130 kVp, is used to measure the exposure in the primary
sheets or from protective material obtained from garments.
beam with and without the material specimen positioned
8.1.1 Specimens may be single sheets or multiple sheets
between the X-ray source and the ionization chamber. The
tested as a stack, as appropriate for the application.
exposure is directly proportional to the intensity of the X-ray
8.2 Randomly select a total of five specimens from the
beam. The attenuation provided by the material specimen is
material or protective clothing sample for evaluation.
defined as the percentage of the original beam int
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