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ASTM F2547-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation Generated During the Use of X-ray Equipment

Standard Test Method for Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation Generated During the Use of X-ray Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to provide a standardized test procedure of protective materials to ensure comparable results among manufacturers and users.
This test method involves measurement of the attenuation of X-rays by protective clothing material at an accelerating potential (kVp) between 60 and 130 kVp. These energies are considered to be representative of those commonly used during medical diagnosis and treatment.
The reporting of the attenuation at a specific X-ray energy is intended to allow the end user organization to assess the attenuating properties of the protective clothing material at that energy level.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the attenuation of X-rays by protective materials at accelerating potentials from 60 to 130 kVp.
1.2 This test method provides attenuation values of primary beam X-radiation.
1.3 This test method applies to both leaded and non-leaded radiation protective clothing materials.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2006
ICS
13.280 - Radiation protection
Technical Committee
F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Drafting Committee
F23.70 - Radiological Hazards
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F2547-06(2013) - Standard Test Method for Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation Generated During the Use of X-ray Equipment
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM F3094-14(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determining Protection Provided By X-ray Shielding Garments Used in Medical X-ray Fluoroscopy from Sources of Scattered X-Rays
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006

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ASTM F2547-06 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation Generated During the Use of X-ray EquipmentASTM F2547-06 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation Generated During the Use of X-ray Equipment
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ASTM F2547-06 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation Generated During the Use of X-ray Equipment
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2547 − 06
StandardTest Method for
Determining the Attenuation Properties in a Primary X-ray
Beam of Materials Used to Protect Against Radiation
Generated During the Use of X-ray Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope exposure with sample
Attenuation percent 5 1 2 3100 (1)
~ ! S D
exposure without sample
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring
theattenuationofX-raysbyprotectivematerialsataccelerating
3.1.2 lead equivalency, n—For radiological protective
potentials from 60 to 130 kVp.
material, the thickness in millimetres of lead (commonly
designated mmPb) of greater than 99.9 percent purity that
1.2 This test method provides attenuation values of primary
provides the same attenuation as a given protective material.
beam X-radiation.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This test method provides the attenua-
1.3 This test method applies to both leaded and non-leaded
tion of the material and not the lead equivalency. Determining
radiation protective clothing materials.
leadequivalencywouldrequiretestingleadofknownthickness
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and purity, and comparing the attenuation of the protective
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
material with the attenuation of the lead. Although lead
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
equivalency has been the standard for reporting protective
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
material capability, the drafters of this test method believe it is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
not feasible to obtain adequate standard lead samples for
reporting lead equivalency values.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.1.3 secondary radiation, n—radiation outside the primary
F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
X-ray beam.
3.1.4 scatter radiation, n—a form of secondary radiation
3. Terminology
resulting from the interaction of the primary X-ray beam and
3.1 Definitions:
the target (for example, protective material being tested or a
3.1.1 attenuation, n—For radiological protective material,
patient undergoing a medical procedure).
the reduction in the intensity of the X-ray beam resulting from
3.1.5 half-value layer (HVL), n—the thickness of aluminum,
the interactions between the X-ray beam and the protective
material that occur when the X-ray beam passes through the in millimetres (commonly designated mmAl), that reduces the
protective material. intensity of the X-ray beam by one half.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In this test method, the attenuation is
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The HVLis dependent on the energy of
calculated as 1 minus the ratio of the measured exposure with
the X-ray beam and, therefore, is different for X-rays produced
a protective material in the beam to the measured exposure
at different accelerating potentials.
without the protective material in the beam at a specific
3.1.6 kilovolts, peak (kVp), n—the maximum electrical po-
accelerating potential. Multiplying the resulting value by 100
tential across an X-ray tube during an exposure, expressed in
gives percent attenuation.
kilovolts.
3.1.7 exposure, n—for radiological purposes, the amount of
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on
ionization in air at standard conditions caused by interaction
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.70 on
Radiological Hazards.
with X-rays, expressed in units of Roentgen (R) or milliroent-
Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. DOI: 10.1520/
gen (mR).
F2547-06.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.8 wave form ripple, n—for radiological purposes, the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
peak-to-peak variation in the output voltage of the X-ray
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. generator.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2547 − 06
3.1.9 ionization chamber, n—a device that measures the 6.1.3 The coefficient of variation for kVp does not exceed
electrical charge liberated during the ionization of air mol- 0.05 determined using four consecutive test measurements at
ecules by electromagnetic radiation (X-rays for the purposes of the kVp setting used in testing.
this test method), expressed in units of coulombs per kilogram
6.2 An invasive or non-invasive kVp measuring device
of air.
capable of measuring the kVp accuracy within 0.5 kVp.
3.1.10 shielding, n—for radiological purposes, any material
6.3 An ionization chamber and electrometer capable of
or obstruction that attenuates radiation to protect personnel or
measuring from 1 mR to 5 R.
equipment from the effects of ionizing radiation.
6.4 Shielding material may be used around apparatus to
3.1.11 coeffıcient of variation, n—the ratio of the standard
improve precision.
deviation of a sample to the sample mean.
3.1.12 For definitions of other terms related to protective
7. Hazards
clothing used in this test method, refer to Terminology F1494.
7.1 All individuals performing tests using this test method
4. Summary of Test Method shall wear X-ray protective clothing or be positioned behind
stationary shielding when the X-ray beam is activated.
4.1 A primary X-ray beam with a standardized energy
spectrum and constant intensity is configured to pass through
8. Sampling and Test Specimens
the test set-up.An ionization chamber, calibrated for the energy
range of X-rays produced at accelerating potentials between 60
8.1 Test specimens may come from protective material
to 130 kVp, is used to measure the exposure in the primary
sheets or from protective material obtained from garments.
beam with and without the material specimen positioned
8.1.1 Specimens may be single sheets or multiple sheets
between the X-ray source and the ionization chamber. The
tested as a stack, as appropriate for the application.
exposure is directly proportional to the intensity of the X-ray
8.2 Randomly select a total of five specimens from the
beam. The attenuation provided by the material specimen is
material or protective clothing sample for evaluation.
defined as the percentage of the original beam intensity that is
removed by the material specimen.
8.3 Test specim
...

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5.1 This test method is intended to provide a standardized test procedure of protective materials to ensure comparable results among manufacturers and users.  
5.2 This test method involves measurement of the attenuation of X-rays by protective clothing material at an accelerating potential (kVp) between 60 and 130 kVp. These energies are considered to be representative of those commonly used during medical diagnosis.  
5.3 The reporting of the attenuation at a specific X-ray energy is intended to allow the end user organization to assess the attenuating properties of the protective clothing material at that energy level.
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4.1 This guide is one of a set of guides and practices that provide recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing. In order to understand and effectively use this and other dosimetry standards, consider first “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing,” ASTM/ISO 52628, which describes the basic requirements that apply when making absorbed dose measurements in accordance with the ASTM E61 series of dosimetry standards. In addition, ASTM/ISO 52628 provides guidance on the selection of dosimetry systems and directs the user to other standards that provide information on individual dosimetry systems, calibration methods, uncertainty estimation and radiation processing applications.  
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1.1 This document provides guidance in determining absorbed-dose distributions (mapping) in products, materials or substances irradiated in gamma, X-ray (bremsstrahlung) and electron beam facilities.
Note 1: For irradiation of food and the radiation sterilization of health care products, specific ISO and ISO/ASTM standards containing dose mapping requirements exist. See ISO/ASTM Practices 51608, 51649, 51702 and 51818 and ISO 11137-1. Regarding the radiation sterilization of health care products, in those areas covered by ISO 11137-1, that standard takes precedence.  
1.2 This guide is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.  
1.3 Methods of analyzing the dose map data are described. Examples are provided of statistical methods that may be used to analyze dose map data.  
1.4 Dose mapping for bulk flow processing and fluid streams is not discussed.  
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4.2 This practice for high-temperature materials surveillance programs is used when nuclear reactor component materials are monitored by specimen testing. Periodic testing is performed through the service life of the components to assess changes in selected material properties that are caused by neutron irradiation, thermal effects, chemical reactions, and mechanical stress. The properties of interest are those used as design criteria for the respective nuclear components or well correlated to said criteria (see 5.1.6). The need for surveillance arises from the need to assess predictions of aging material performance to ensure adequate component performance.  
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1.2 This practice was developed for non-light-water moderated nuclear power reactors.  
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5.1 This test method is designed to provide a standardized procedure to ensure comparable results between manufacturers, testing laboratories, and users.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes a procedure for measuring the relative reduction in the intensity of X-radiation provided by shielding garments to the human user under conditions simulating actual use.  
1.2 This test method provides a condition simulating X-rays generated between 60 and 130 kV that are scattered through an angle of 90° by a water equivalent material.  
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5.1 Shielding performance testing should be performed to verify analytical predictions of shielding effectiveness, compliance with design requirements, and determine the location(s) of shielding deficiencies that may require either supplemental shielding, design modification, or changes to operating methods and procedures to resolve.  
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SCOPE
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5.1 This test method can be used to provide a measure of the reactivity of a material in a dilute solution in which the test response is dominated by the dissolution or leaching of the test specimen. It can be used to compare the dissolution or leaching behaviors of candidate radioactive waste forms and to study the reactions during static exposure to dilute solutions in which solution feed-back effects can be maintained negligible, depending on the test conditions.  
5.2 The test is suitable for application to natural minerals, simulated waste form materials, and radioactive waste form material specimens.  
5.3 Data from this test may form part of the larger body of data that is necessary in the logical approach to long-term prediction of waste form behavior, as described in Practice C1174. In particular, measured solution concentrations and characterizations of altered surfaces may be used in the validation of geochemical modeling codes.  
5.4 This test method excludes the use of crushed or powdered specimens and organic materials.  
5.5 Several reference test parameter values and reference leachant solutions are specified to facilitate the comparison of results of tests conducted with different materials and at different laboratories. However, other test parameter values and leachant solution compositions can be used to characterize the specimen reactivity.  
5.5.1 Tests can be conducted with different leachant compositions to simulate groundwaters, buffer the leachate pH as the specimen dissolves, or measure the common ion effect of particular solutes.  
5.5.2 Tests can be conducted to measure the effects of various test parameter values on the specimen response, including time, temperature, and S/V ratio. Tests conducted for different durations and at various temperatures provide insight into the reaction kinetics. Tests conducted at different S/V ratio provide insight into chemical affinity (solution feed-back effects) and the approach to saturation.  
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1.1 This test method provides a measure of the chemical durability of a simulated or radioactive monolithic waste form, such as a glass, ceramic, cement (grout), or cermet, in a test solution at temperatures  
1.2 This test method can be used to characterize the dissolution or leaching behaviors of various simulated or radioactive waste forms in various leachants under the specific conditions of the test based on analysis of the test solution. Data from this test are used to calculate normalized elemental mass loss values from specimens exposed to aqueous solutions at temperatures  
1.3 The test is conducted under static conditions in a constant solution volume and at a constant temperature. The reactivity of the test specimen is determined from the amounts of components released and accumulated in the solution over the test duration. A wide range of test conditions can be used to study material behavior, including various leachant composition, specimen surface area-to-leachant volume ratios, temperatures, and test durations.  
1.4 Three leachant compositions and four reference test matrices of test conditions are recommended to characterize materials behavior and facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of tests results.  
1.5 Specimen surfaces may become altered during this test. Although not part of the test method, it is recommended that these altered surface regions be examined to characterize chemical and physical changes due to the reaction of waste forms during static exposure to solutions.  
1.6 This test method is not recommended for evaluating metallic materials, the degradation of which includes oxidation reactions that are not controlled by this test method.  
1.7 This test method must be performed in accordance with all applicable quality assurance requirements for acceptance of the data.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included for r...

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