ASTM E1320-00
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs and are supplied as a means for establishing some of the categories and severity levels of discontinuities in titanium castings that may be revealed by radiographic examination. The title is intended to be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels, thicknesses, or both, for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and manufacturer. They should be used in accordance with contractual specifications.
Note 1--The original radiographs produced for Volume I were taken with x-rays in the range of 110 KV to 220 KV. The original radiographs produced for Volume II were taken with x-rays in the range of 200 K to 340 KV.
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two volumes. Volume I, described in Table 1 , is applicable to a wall thickness of up to 1 in. (0 to 25.4 mm). Volume II, described in Table 2 , is applicable to a wall thickness of over 1 in. to 2 in. (25.4 mm to 50.8 mm).
1.3 The plates produced to serve for use in this standard were purposely cast to exhibit the desired discontinuity. The plates were cast using different processes as shown in Table 1 and Table 2 . Hot isostatic pressing was not used on any of the plates.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for informational purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E1320–00
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Titanium Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1320; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of origi-
nal radiographs and are supplied as a means for establishing
2. Referenced Documents
some of the categories and severity levels of discontinuities in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
titanium castings that may be revealed by radiographic exami-
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
nation. The title is intended to be descriptive and not restric-
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
tive. The document may be used, where there is no other
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
applicable document, for other energy levels, thicknesses, or
Reference Radiographs for the Inspection of Titanium Cast-
both,forwhichagreementhasbeenreachedbetweenpurchaser
ings
and manufacturer. They should be used in accordance with
,
3 4
Volume I, applicable up to 1 in. (25.4 mm)
contractual specifications.
Volume II, applicable over 1 in. to 2 in. (25.4 mm to 50.8
4,5
NOTE 1—The original radiographs produced for Volume I were taken
mm)
with x-rays in the range of 110 KV to 220 KV. The original radiographs
produced for Volume II were taken with x-rays in the range of 200 K to
3. Terminology
340 KV.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this docu-
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two volumes.
ment, see Terminology E 1316.
VolumeI,describedinTable1,isapplicabletoawallthickness
of up to 1 in. (0 to 25.4 mm). Volume II, described in Table 2, 4. Significance and Use
is applicable to a wall thickness of over 1 in. to 2 in. (25.4 mm
4.1 These reference radiographs are designed so that accep-
to 50.8 mm).
tance standards, which may be developed for particular re-
1.3 The plates produced to serve for use in this standard
quirements, can be specified in terms of these radiographs.The
were purposely cast to exhibit the desired discontinuity. The
radiographs are of castings that were produced under condi-
plates were cast using different processes as shown in Table 1
tions designed to produce the discontinuities. The reference
and Table 2. Hot isostatic pressing was not used on any of the
radiographs are intended to be used for casting thickness
plates.
ranges in accordance wth Table 1 and Table 2.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for 5. Description of Discontinuities
informational purposes only.
5.1 This section is provided to aid in the identification and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
classification of discontinuities. It briefly describes the radio-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
graphic appearance of those discontinuities in the reference
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
radiograph adjuncts and indicates their probable cause in
1 2
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 on Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE132001.
Reference Radiographs. Volumes I and II are available from ASTM Headquarters as a set. Order
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2000. Published February 2001. Originally RRE1320CS.
published as E 1320 – 90. Last previous edition E 1320 – 95. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE132002.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1320–00
TABLE 1 VOLUME I—0 to 1 in.
Plate Applicable Casting
Discontinuity Casting Process Alloy
Thickness, in. Thickness, in.
Gas hole Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1
1 3
Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V ⁄4 up to ⁄8
1 3 5
Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V ⁄2 over ⁄8 to ⁄8
3 5
Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V ⁄4 over ⁄8 to 1
1 3
Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V ⁄4 up to ⁄8
1 3 5
Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V ⁄2 over ⁄8 to ⁄8
3 5
Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V ⁄4 over ⁄8 to 1
1 1 5
Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V ⁄2 over ⁄4 to ⁄8
3 5
Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V ⁄4 over ⁄8 to 1
1 3
Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V ⁄4 up to ⁄8
1 3 5
Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V ⁄2 over ⁄8 to ⁄8
3 5
Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V ⁄4 over ⁄8 to 1
1 3
Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V ⁄4 up to ⁄8
1 3 5
Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V ⁄2 over ⁄8 to ⁄8
3 5
Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V ⁄4 over ⁄8 to 1
Less dense inclusions Varied Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1
More dense inclusions Varied Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1
NOTE 1—1 in. = 15.4 mm.
TABLE 2 VOLUME II—Over 1 in. to 2 in.
Plate Applicable Casting
Discontinuity Casting Process Alloy
Thickness, in. Thickness, in.
Gas hole Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 1 ⁄4 over 1 to 2
1 3
Clustered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 1 ⁄4 to 1 ⁄4 over 1 to 2
1 1
Scattered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 1 ⁄4 over 1 to 1 ⁄2
3 1
Scattered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 1 ⁄4 over 1 ⁄2 to 2
1 1
Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 1 ⁄4 over 1 to 1 ⁄2
3 1
Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 1 ⁄4 over 1 ⁄2 to 2
1 1
Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 1 ⁄4 over 1 to 1 ⁄2
3 1
Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 1 ⁄4 over 1 ⁄2 to 2
NOTE 1—1 in. = 15.4 mm.
titanium. The radiographic appearance of different discontinui- steel, the faster solidification rate of titanium has a dramatic
ties can at times be very similar. Therefore, care should always effect on the conditions under which each shrinkage type will
be taken during the process of identification. In extreme cases
occur in titanium. Other factors which influence the formation
other methods of identification, either nondestructive or de-
of shrinkage are wall thickness and thickness transition gradi-
structive, may need to be employed to obtain positive identi-
ents, gate size and orientation, mold design, casting configu-
fication.
ration, metal/mold temperature, and pouring rate and method.
5.1.1 Gas—Gasinitsvariousformsisusuallycausedbythe
All the types of shrinkage described in 5.1.2.1 through 5.1.2.3
reaction of molten titanium with the mold or residual material
haveadegreeofoverlap.However,eachismostlikelytooccur
left in the mold. Gas tends to migrate to the upper portions of
under a specific set of conditions primarily influenced by metal
the casting. The formation of clustered or scattered gas holes
feed, section thickness and cooling rate.
results from the generation of larger amounts of gas than a
5.1.2.1 Scattered shrinkage—Appears on a radiograph as
single gas hole. Whether the larger amount of gas spreads out
dark fine lacy or filamentary voids of varying densities. These
or is confined to a small area is dependent upon a number of
voids are usually uniformly spread throughout the area of the
factors including casting process, reaction area, solidification
castingwhereshrinkageisoccurringandarerelativelyshallow.
rate, wall thickness, and geometry.
Scattered shrinkage cavities are most common in wall thick-
5.1.1.1 Gas hole—A spherical void formed through the
1 3
nesses ranging from ⁄8 in. to ⁄4 in., (3.175 mm to 19.05 mm)
release and subsequent entrapment of gas during solidification.
being more prevalent in the thinner sections of the range.
Agas hole will appear as a dark round spot on the radiograph.
Scattered shrinkage cavities are caused by varying cooling
5.1.1.2 Clustered gas holes—Aclosely nested group of dark
rates in the same area of a casting that can result from
round voids concentrated wit
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