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ASTM D5183-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to determine the coefficient of friction of lubricating fluids under the prescribed test conditions. The user of this test method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test method correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text the cm-kgf units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result in nonconformance to specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2005
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.L0.11 - Tribological Properties of Industrial Fluids and Lubricates
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5183-95(1999)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D5183-05(2011) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
Effective Date
01-May-2011
Referred By
ASTM G115-10(2018) - Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005

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ASTM D5183-05 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test MachineASTM D5183-05 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
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ASTM D5183-05 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5183–05
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants
1
Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5183; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, (µ)—the ratio of the tangential
force that is needed to start or to maintain uniform relative
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
motion between two contacting surfaces to the perpendicular
coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test
2 force holding them in contact.
Machine.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former
4. Summary of Test Method
cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the
4.1 Three12.7mm(0.5in.)diametersteelballsareclamped
standard. Within the text the cm-kgf units are shown in
together and covered with 10 mL of the wear-in lubricant. A
parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact
fourth 12.7 mm diameter ball, referred to as the “top ball” is
equivalents, therefore each system must be used independently
pressed with a force of 392 N (40 kgf) into the cavity formed
of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result
by the three clamped balls for three-point contact. The tem-
in nonconformance to specification.
perature of the wear-in lubricant is regulated at 75°C (167°F),
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and then, the top ball is rotated at 600 rpm for 60 min.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 Fluid is discarded and balls cleaned. The wear scar
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
diameter on each of the lower three balls is examined. If the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
wear scars average 0.67 6 0.03 mm, (0.026 6 0.001 in.) then
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
the 10 mLof test fluid is added to the ball cup with the worn-in
statements are given in 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.
test balls in place. The temperature of the test lubricant is
2. Referenced Documents regulated at 75°C (167°F) and the top ball is rotated at 600 rpm
3
at 98.1 N (10 kgf) for 10 min.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.3 The load is then increased by 98.1 N (10 kgf) at the end
D4172 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of
of each successive 10 min interval up to the point where the
Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)
frictional trace indicates incipient seizure. The coefficient of
2.2 ANSI Standard:
4 friction is measured at the end of each 10 min interval.
B3.12 Specification for Metal Balls
5. Significance and Use
3. Terminology
5.1 Thistestmethodcanbeusedtodeterminethecoefficient
3.1 Definitions:
of friction of lubricating fluids under the prescribed test
conditions.Theuserofthistestmethodshoulddeterminetohis
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
own satisfaction whether results of this test method correlate
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
with field performance or other bench test machines.
D02.L0 on Industrial Lubricants.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2005.PublishedJuly2005.Originallyapproved
´1
in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D5183–95(1999) . DOI:
6. Apparatus
10.1520/D5183-05.
5
2 6.1 Four-Ball Test Machine —See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3.
The sole source of supply of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine known to the
committee at this time is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If
NOTE 1—It is important to distinguish between the Four-Ball E.P. and
you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
1
meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
3 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The Four-Ball Wear Test Machine and the Falex Multi-Specimen Friction and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Wear Test Machine, both made by Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 60554 have been found satisfactory for this purpose. This company can also furnish
the ASTM website. a microscope with a special base to measure the wear scars without removing the
4
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., ballsfromthetest-oilcup.DiscontinuedmodelsoftheFour-BallWearTestMachine
4th Floo
...

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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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