ASTM D4966-98
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions having a pile longer than 2 mm (0.08 in.), or for fabrics thicker than 3 mm ( 1/8 in.), since such fabrics cannot be mounted in the specimen holder.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard; the values in SI units are provided as information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 2 and Note A1.1. Note 1-Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in Test Methods D3884 (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method); D3885 (Flexing and Abrasion Method); D3886 (Inflated Diaphragm Method); D4157 (Oscillatory Cylinder Method); D4158 (Uniform Abrasion Method); AATCC 93 Impeller Tumble Method.
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Designation: D 4966 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion
Tester Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4966; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Evaluation Procedure 1 Gray Scale for Color Change
TestMethod 93 AbrasionResistanceofFabrics:Accelerator
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
Method
sion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion
tester. Fabrics of all types may be tested by this method but
3. Terminology
difficulties may arise with fabrics with a pile depth greater than
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of other textile terms used
0.08 in. (2 mm).
in this test method, refer to Terminology D 123.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
as standard; the values in SI units are provided as information
3.2.1 abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a
only.
material by rubbing against another surface.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2 abrasion cycle, n—total number of movements re-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
quired to complete a geometric shape in a Martindale abrasion
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tester.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.3 cycle, n—16 movements required for the completion
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of one Lissajous figure on a Martindale tester.
NOTE 1—For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resis-
3.2.4 lissajous figure, n—a geometric figure that starts as a
tance of textiles refer to Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 3886, D 4157,
straight line, then becomes a widening ellipse and narrows to
D 4158, and AATCC Test Method 93.
again become a straight line. There are 16 movements in one
Lissajous figure.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.5 movement, n—one rotation of the two outer gearing of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the Martindale tester.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3.2.6 standard atmosphere for preconditioning textiles,
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
n—anatmospherehavingarelativehumidityof10to25 %and
D 3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
a temperature not over 122°F (50°C).
Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
3.2.7 standard atmosphere for testing, in textiles, n—an
D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
atmosphere for testing in which the air is maintained at a
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
relative humidity of 65 6 2 % and at a temperature of 70 6
D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
2°F (21 6 1°C).
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Method)
D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
4. Summary of Test Method
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-
D 4158 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
men to rubbing motion in the form of a geometric figure, that
Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion Method)
is, a straight line, which becomes a gradually widening ellipse,
2.2 AATCC Methods and Procedures:
until it forms another straight line in the opposite direction and
traces the same figure again under known conditions of
pressure and abrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evalu-
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
ated by various means which are described in Section 11.
Specific.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1998. Published June 1998. Originally
published as D 4966 – 89. Last previous edition D 4966 – 89.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02. P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4966
surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change
appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar
abradantsusedindifferentlaboratorieswillnotlikelychangeat
the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants
also may change due to pick up of finishing or other material
from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent
intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion
also may be affected by the method of evaluation and may be
influenced by the judgment of the operator.
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-
sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only
one of several factors contributing to wear performance or
durability as experienced in the actual use of the material.
While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the
number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified
technique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)
and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-
tion or wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion)
FIG. 1 Martindale Abrasion Tester
frequently are related, the relationship varies with different end
uses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculation
of predicted durability from specific abrasion data.
5. Significance and Use
5.4.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication of
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered
relative end-use performance in cases where the difference in
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
abrasion resistance of various materials is large, but they
fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is
should not be relied upon where differences in laboratory test
poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself,
findings are small. In general, they should not be relied upon
technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the
for prediction of actual wear-life in specific-end uses unless
same type of testing instrument, both within and between
there are data showing the specific relationship between
laboratories.Although this test method is not recommended for
laboratory abrasion tests and actual wear in the intended
acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely,
end-use.
especially outside the United States.
5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
of abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
tance, and interpretation of results.
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developed
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
forabrasionresistancemayshowahighdegreeofvariabilityin
from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
results obtained by different operators and in different labora-
specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers
tories; however, they represent the methods now most widely
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
in use.
laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for
5.7 Since there is a definite need for measuring the relative
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
resistance to abrasion, standardized test methods are desirable
two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either
and useful and may clarify the problem and lessen the
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
confusion.
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the
known bias.
6. Apparatus and Materials
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the
6.1 Martindale Abrasion Tester, (Fig. 1) with the following
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable
replaceable items:
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the
6.1.1 Standard Abradant Fabric, a plain weave, crossbred,
tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen
worsted wool fabric described in the finished state as in Table
and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.
1.
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes 2
6.1.2 Standard Felt, of mass 22 6 1.5 oz/yd (750 6 50
in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be
g/m ) and 0.12 6 0.01 in. (3 6 0.3 mm) thick.
changed accordingly at frequent interva
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