ASTM F869-00
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Athletic Shoes and Biomechanics
Standard Terminology Relating to Athletic Shoes and Biomechanics
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines biomechanical and shoe-related terms for use in the development of standard test methods and specifications for athletic footwear.
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology are appropriate for use by the athletic footwear manufacturers and by biomechanicists in matters concerning athletic shoe technology, test methods, and specifications.
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Designation: F 869 – 00
Standard Terminology
Relating to Athletic Shoes and Biomechanics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 869; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ball measurement—the line running completely around the
foot or last coplanar to the joints of large and small toes.
1.1 This terminology defines biomechanical and shoe-
bench test—a modified service test in which the service
related terms for use in the development of standard test
conditions are approximated, but the equipment is laboratory
methods and specifications for athletic footwear.
equipment and not necessarily identical with that in which
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology are appropriate
the product will be employed.
for use by the athletic footwear manufacturers and by biome-
bottoms—the underface of the shoe sole which extends from
chanicists in matters concerning athletic shoe technology, test
the toe to the heel breast. The heel is not a part of the bottom.
methods, and specifications.
california process—this process requires the accurate drafting
2. Terminology of patterns, cutting, and stitching of the upper, sock lining,
and platform cover. The upper and sock lining are stitched
2.1 Definitions:
together. The platform cover is stitched to the other two parts
abduction—the movement of a body part from the longitudi-
in a separate operation. The last is then inserted into the
nal (midline) of the body or in reference to fingers and toes,
upper. After the last is inserted, the platform is accurately
movement away from the midline of hand or foot.
pressed into place.
abrasion tester—a machine for determining the quantity of
cast—an impression or mold taken from a person or thing.
material lost by friction wear under specified conditions.
cellular plastic—a plastic containing numerous cells, inten-
accelerated aging—the deterioration of a material faster than
tionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributed
normal by subjecting the material to conditions specified by
throughout the mass. (D 883, D-20)
the test method being followed.
cement construction—a process in which the outsole is
accelerated life test—method designed to approximate, in a
attached to the upper by cementing instead of sewing or by
short time, the deteriorating effect of normal, long-term
other methods. Also known as the compo process, after
service conditions. (D 1566, D-11)
Compo Industries, Inc., which introduced this method com-
aging—(1) the effect on materials of exposure to an environ-
mercially into the U.S. about 1930; also known as cement
ment for an interval of time. (2) the process of exposing
process and as cemented process.
materials to an environment for an interval of time. (D 883,
cinematography—an instrumentation system for filming,
D-20)
measuring, and analyzing movements of the athlete, usually
anteroposterior—extending from the front to the rear.
including a computerized digitizor for data analysis.
anthropometry—the science of the measurement of the hu-
circumduction—the movement of a body part about an axis so
man body and its parts.
as to describe a cone or the conical movement of a body part
arch-footwear—the bottom curve of a shoe last from heel to
about an axis.
ball.
combination last (or shoe)—designed to provide a proper fit
arch support—a device of leather, metal, or other material
for the individual with thinner than normal instep or heel.
shaped to the contour of the longitudinal arch of the foot and
Length and width will be of standard measurements, but
inserted or built in a shoe.
narrower fitting qualities will prevail through instep, waist,
backpart molding—a preparatory shaping operation to heel
and heel.
seat prior to lasting, usually performed on the thermoplastic
composition—materials composed of granulated fillers, such
counters where backpart components are heated on a metal
as cork, leather, fibers, minerals, in a resinous matrix, usually
heel form and molded into the backpart heel shape combin-
an elastomer. Compressed and molded into sheet materials,
ing counter, upper and lining before the actual lasting
compositions are used for insoles, heel bases, etc.
operation is performed on the backpart of the shoe.
compound—a mixture of a polymer with other ingredients
such as fillers, stabilizers, catalysts, processing aids, lubri-
These definitions are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
cants, modifiers, pigments, or curing agents. (F 412, F-17)
Equipment and Facilities and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.54
compression deflection—the amount of deformation of mate-
on Footwear.
rial when being compressed.
Current edition July 10, 2000. Published August 2000. Originally published as
F 869 – 84. Last previous edition F 869 – 86 (1994).
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 869
compression mold—a mold which is open when the material girth—distance around; circumference.
is introduced and which shapes the material by heat and by (a) joint—around metatarso—phalangeal joint,
the pressure of closing. (b) waist—smallest girth behind joint,
counter—a piece of stiffening material inserted between the (c) instep—smallest girth passing over prominence on
lining and the outside of a shoe upper at the back of the shoe. middle cuneiform,
The purpose of the counter is to strengthen the back part and (d) long heel—seat to instep to give “pass line” in riding
to prevent it from sagging and losing its shape. There are two boot,
types of counter: flat and molded. (e) short heel—seat to lowest crease in front of ankle,
counter pocket—a piece of lining material attached to inside (f) ankle—around and above ankle bones,
quarters of unlined shoes to conceal counter. (g) calf, thigh as necessary. (manual of shoemaking: c. & k.
crepe rubber—originally unvulcanized natural rubber with clark ltd. 1976, p. 44)
light color and knobbly surface for soles and heels. Most gmax—the maximum value of acceleration experienced during
crepe rubber for shoes is now of synthetic elastomers. impact expressed in units of g’s.
durometer—an instrument for measuring hardness, that is, the ground reaction forces—the forces, both shearing and nor-
resistance to the penetration (without puncturing) of the mal, acting on the foot during contact with the ground.
indentor into the surface of rubber or other shoe material. indentation—1) the extent of deformation by the indentor
durometer hardness—an arbitrary numerical value which point of any one of a number of standard hardness testing
measures the resistance to indentation of the blunt indentor instruments; 2) a recess in any surface of a rubber article.
point of the durometer. The value may be taken immediately inferior—lower, also toward the foot.
or after a very short specified time. inseam—the hidden seam of a welted shoe holding together
dutchman—a thin wedge of leather or fiberboard inserted the welt, upper, lining, and insole.
between the insole and outsole of a shoe, or between the lifts insole—a sole of leather or other material cut to the size and
of a built-up heel, to throw the foot inward or outward and shape of the bottom of the last. In some shoe constructions,
to correct foot posture. the insole surface forms the inside of the bottom of the shoe;
dynamography—the instrumentation method for recording in others it is covered with a sock lining of thin material
forces. which conceals stitching, nails, etc. (Also known as inner-
elastomer—a macromolecular material that at room tempera- sole).
ture returns rapidly to approximately its initial dimensions instep—top part of the arch of a foot over the metatarsal bones
and shape after substantial deformation by a weak stress and from back of the toes to the ankle, also the corresponding
release of the stress. (D 883, D-20) part of a shoe last.
electrogoniometry—an instrumentation system for recording inversion—the act of turning inward, turning the sole of the
angular displacement at a joint continuously during move- foot toward the midline of the body.
ment. last, n—a piece of wood, metal, or synthetic material roughly
elongation—extension produced by a tensile stress. (D 1566, following t
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