ASTM D445-21e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
Note 1: For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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´1
Designation: D445 − 21 British Standard 2000: Part 71: Section 1: 1996
Designation: 71 Section 1/2017
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1,2
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected tables in Section 17 in December 2021 to align with research reports.
1. Scope* 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-
2
viscosity is mm /s, and the SI unit used in this test method for
nation of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum
2
dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm /s =
products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time
-6 2
10 m /s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s=1cP= 0.001 Pa·s.
for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a
calibratedglasscapillaryviscometer.Thedynamicviscosity,η, 1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν,by regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
the density, ρ, of the liquid. serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity
Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445–03.
for additional information. The potential exists that selling
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
mercuryormercury-containingproducts,orboth,isprohibited
uponthebehaviorofthesampleandisintendedforapplication
bylocalornationallaw.Usersmustdeterminelegalityofsales
to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates
in their location.
are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
resultsmaybeobtainedfromviscometersofdifferentcapillary
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
diameters.Theprocedureandprecisionvaluesforresidualfuel
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
behavior, have been included.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
2 2
method is from 0.2mm /s to 300000mm /s (see Table A1.1)
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
precision section.
2. Referenced Documents
1
3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
D396Specification for Fuel Oils
ASTM Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. The technically equivalent
D446Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
standardasreferencedisunderthejurisdictionoftheEnergyInstituteSubcommittee
SC-C-3.
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
Current edition approved May 15, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D445–19a. DOI:
10.1520/D0445-21E01.
2 3
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ASTMandtheEnergyInstitute,London.ASTMandIPstandardswereapprovedby contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ASTMandEItechnicalcommitteesasbeingtechnicallyequivalentbutthatdoesnot Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
imply both standards are identical. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright ©
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D445 − 21 D445 − 21 British Standard 2000: Part 71: Section 1: 1996
Designation: 71 Section 1/2017
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1,2
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected tables in Section 17 in December 2021 to align with research reports.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both
transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary
viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to
liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity
varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The
procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been
included.
2 2
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm /s to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1) at all
temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and
temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is
2 2 -6 2
mm /s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm /s = 10 m /s = 1 cSt
and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious
medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. The technically equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute Subcommittee SC-C-3.
Current edition approved May 15, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D445 – 19a. DOI:
10.1520/D0445-21.10.1520/D0445-21E01.
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
2
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by ASTM
and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not imply both standards are identical.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D445 − 21
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national
law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internation
...
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