ASTM F1962-99
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement of Polyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles, Including River Crossings
Standard Guide for Use of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement of Polyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles, Including River Crossings
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the design, selection considerations, and installation procedures for the placement of polyethylene pipe or conduit below ground using maxi-horizontal directional drilling equipment. The pipes or conduits may be used for various applications including telecommunications, electric power, natural gas, petroleum, water lines, sewer lines, or other fluid transport.
1.2 Horizontal directional drilling is a form of trenchless technology. The equipment and procedures are intended to minimize surface damage, restoration requirements, and disruption of vehicular or maritime traffic with little or no interruption of other existing lines or services. Mini-horizontal directional drilling (min-HDD) is typically used for the relatively shorter distances and smaller diameter pipes associated with local utility distribution lines. In comparison, maxi-horizontal direction drilling (maxi-HDD) is typically used for longer distances and larger diameter pipes common in major river crossings. Applications that are intermediate to the mini-HDD or maxi-HDD categories may utilize appropriate "medi" equipment of intermediate size and capabilities. In such cases, the design guidelines and installation practices would follow those described for the mini- or maxi-HDD categories, as judged to be most suitable for each situation.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information purposes only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 6 contains general safety information related to the use of maxi-horizontal directional drilling equipment.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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An American National Standard
Designation: F 1962 – 99
Standard Guide for
Use of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement of
Polyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles, Including
River Crossings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1962; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, De-
sign, and Construction Purposes
1.1 This guide describes the design, selection consider-
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
ations, and installation procedures for the placement of poly-
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel
ethylene pipe or conduit below ground using maxi-horizontal
Sampling of Soils
directional drilling equipment. The pipes or conduits may be
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-
used for various applications including telecommunications,
pling of Soils
electricpower,naturalgas,petroleum,waterlines,sewerlines,
D2113 Practice for Diamond Core Sampling for Site In-
or other fluid transport.
vestigations
1.2 Horizontal directional drilling is a form of trenchless
D2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength
technology. The equipment and procedures are intended to
of Cohesive Soil
minimize surface damage, restoration requirements, and dis-
D2435 Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation
ruption of vehicular or maritime traffic with little or no
Properties of Soils
interruption of other existing lines or services. Mini-horizontal
D2447 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe,
directional drilling (min-HDD) is typically used for the rela-
Schedules 40 and 80 Based on Controlled Outside Diam-
tively shorter distances and smaller diameter pipes associated
eter
with local utility distribution lines. In comparison, maxi-
D2513 Specification for Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe,
horizontaldirectionaldrilling(maxi-HDD)istypicallyusedfor
Tubing, and Fittings
longer distances and larger diameter pipes common in major
D2657 Practice for Heat-Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and
river crossings. Applications that are intermediate to the
Fittings
mini-HDD or maxi-HDD categories may utilize appropriate
D2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated, Undrained Com-
“medi”equipmentofintermediatesizeandcapabilities.Insuch
pressive Strength of Cohesive Soils in Triaxial Compres-
cases, the design guidelines and installation practices would
sion
follow those described for the mini- or maxi-HDD categories,
D3035 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe
as judged to be most suitable for each situation.
,
(SDR-PR) Based on Controlled Outside Diameter
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D4186 Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
Properties of Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading
information purposes only.
D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Samples
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Plasticity Index of Soils
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D4767 Test Method for Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial
bility of the regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 6
Compression Test on Cohesive Soils
contains general safety information related to the use of
D5084 Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
maxi-horizontal directional drilling equipment.
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible
2. Referenced Documents
Wall Permeameter
F714 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1 2
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF-17onPlasticPiping Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.67 on Trenchless Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
Plastic Pipeline Technology. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
Current edition approved April 10, 1999. Published August 1999. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1962–99
(SDR-PR) Based on Outside Diameter 3.1.2 maxi-horizontal directional drilling, maxi-HDD, n—a
F1804 Practice for Determining Allowable Tensile Load class of HDD, sometimes referred to as directional drilling, for
for Polyethylene (PE) Gas Pipe during Pull-In Installation
boring holes of up to several thousand feet in length and
2.2 Other Standards: placing pipes of up to 48 in. (1 ⁄4 m) diameter or greater at
ANSI Preferred Number Series 10
depths up to 200 ft (60 m).
ANSI/EIA/TIA-590 Standard for Physical Location and
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Maxi-HDD is appropriate for placing
Protection of Below-Ground Fiber Optic Cable Plant
pipes under large rivers or other large obstacles (Fig. 1).
OSHA-3075 Controlling Electrical Hazards
Tracking information is provided remotely to the operator of
TR-NWT-000356 Generic Requirements for Optical Cable
the drill rig by sensors located towards the leading end of the
Innerduct
drill string. Cutting of the pilot hole and expansion of the hole
is typically accomplished with a bit or reamer attached to the
3. Terminology
drill pipe, which is rotated and pulled by the drilling rig.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.3 mini-horizontal directional drilling, mini-HDD, n—a
3.1.1 horizontal directional drilling, HDD, n—a technique
class of HDD, sometimes referred to as guided boring, for
for installing pipes or utility lines below ground using a
boringholesofuptoseveralhundredfeetinlengthandplacing
surface-mounted drill rig that launches and places a drill string
pipes of typically 12 in. (300 mm) or less nominal diameter at
at a shallow angle to the surface and has tracking and steering
depths typically less than 25 ft (7 m).
capabilities.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Mini-HDD is appropriate for placing
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Thedrillstringcreatesapilotborehole
local distribution lines (including service lines or laterals)
in an essentially horizontal path or shallow arc which may
beneathlocalstreets,privateproperty,andalongright-of-ways.
subsequently be enlarged to a larger diameter during a second-
The creation of the pilot bore hole and the reaming operations
ary operation which typically includes reaming and then
are typically accomplished by fluid jet cutting or the cutting
pullback of the pipe or utility line. Tracking of the initial bore
torque provided by rotating the drill string, although mud
pathisaccomplishedbyamanuallyoperatedoverheadreceiver
motors powered by the drilling fluid are sometimes used for
or a remote tracking system. Steering is achieved by control-
hard or rocky soil conditions. The use of such mud motors
ling the orientation of the drill head which has a directional
would only be applicable for the larger mini-HDD machines.
bias and pushing the drill string forward with the drill head
Thelocatingandtrackingsystemstypicallyrequireamanually
oriented in the direction desired. Continuous rotation of the
operated overhead receiver to follow the progress of the initial
drill string allows the drill head to bore a straight path. The
pilot bore. The receiver is placed above the general vicinity of
procedure uses fluid jet or mechanical cutting, or both, with a
the drill head to allow a determination of its precise location
low, controlled volume of drilling fluid flow to minimize the
and depth, indicate drill head orientation for determining
creation of voids during the initial boring or backreaming
steering information to be implemented from the drill rig.
operations. The drilling fluid helps stabilize the bore hole,
remove cuttings, provide lubricant for the drill string and
3.1.4 pipe dimension ratio, DR, n—the average specified
plastic pipe, and cool the drill head. The resultant slurry
diameter of a pipe divided by the minimum specified wall
surrounds the pipe, typically filling the annulus between the
thickness.
pipe and the bored cavity.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—For pipes manufactured to a controlled
outside diameter (OD), the DR is the ratio of pipe outer
diameter to minimum wall thickness. The standard dimension
ratio (SDR) is a specific ratio of the outside diameter to the
AvailablefromtheElectronicsIndustriesAssociation,2001PennsylvaniaAve.,
N.W., Washington, DC, 20006. minimum wall thickness as specified by ANSI Preferred
Available from the Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200
Number Series 10.
Constitution Ave. N.W. Washington, DC 20210.
Available from Bellcore, 60 New EnglandAve., Room 1B252, Piscataway, NJ,
NOTE 1—Lower DR values correspond to thicker, stronger pipes.
08854-4196.
FIG. 1 Maxi-HDD for Obstacle (for example, River) Crossing
F1962–99
4. Preliminary Site Investigation water supplies may be required to obtain proper drilling fluid
characteristics. Hard or salty water is undesirable, although
4.1 General Considerations—Amaxi-HDDproject,suchas
additives may be used to create the proper pH value. It may be
that associated with a river crossing, is a major event that will
necessary to provide access for trucks to transport water or to
require extensive and thorough surface and subsurface inves-
provide for the installation of a relatively long surface pipe or
tigations. Qualified geotechnical engineers should perform the
hose connecting a remote hydrant.
work for the owner in preparation for planning and designing
of the bore route. The information should also be provided to 4.2.1.3 Pipe (Bore Exit) Side—Assuming the pipe to be
the potential contractors to provide guidance for the bidding placed is too large a diameter to be supplied on a reel (for
stage and subsequent installation. The contractor may perform
example, larger than 6 in. (150 mm)), sufficient space is
additional investigations, as desired. Since typical maxi-HDD requiredatthesideoppositethatofthedrillrig,wherethebore
projectsrepresentrivercrossings,thefollowingproceduresare
willexitandthepipebeinserted,toaccommodateacontinuous
described in terms of the specific investigations and issues
straightlengthofpre-fabricatedpipe.Thespaceforthestraight
arisinginsuchcases.Thegeneralprocedures,however,maybe
length will begin approximately 50 to 100 ft (15 to 30 m) from
appropriately interpreted to also apply to non-river crossings,
the anticipated bore exit and extend straight landward at a
such as under land-based obstacles including highways, rail-
width of 35 to 50 ft (10 to 15 m), depending upon the pipe
ways, etc.
diameter. In the immediate vicinity of the bore exit (pipe
4.2 Surface Investigation (1, 2)
entry), an area of typically 50 ft (15 m) width by 100 ft (30 m)
4.2.1 Topographic Survey—A survey should be conducted
length is required; for relatively large diameter pipes (larger
to accurately define the working areas described in 4.1 for the
than24in.(600mm),orincasesofdifficultsoilconditions,an
proposedcrossingsite.Horizontalandverticalreferencesmust
area of 100 ft (30 m) width by 150 ft (45 m) length should be
be established for referencing hydrographic and geotechnical
provided.
data. The survey should typically include overbank profiles on
4.2.2 Hydrographic/Potamological Survey—For crossing
the anticipated path center-line, extending about 150 ft (75 m)
significant waterways, a survey should be conducted to accu-
landward of the bore entry point to the length of the (pre-
rately describe the bottom contours and river stability to
fabricated) pull section landward of the bore exit point. The
establish suitability for the design life of the pipeline. Typi-
survey information should be related to topographical features
cally, depths should be established along the anticipated
inthevicinityoftheproposedcrossing.Existingtopographical
center-line, and approximately 200 ft (60 m) upstream and
informationmaybeavailablefromtheU.S.GeologicalSurvey,
downstream; closer readings may be required if it is necessary
or Federal, state, or county publications.Aerial photographs or
to monitor future river activity. Consideration should be given
ordnance surveys may be useful, especially for crossing
to future changes in river bank terrain. Washouts, bank
land-based obstacles in urban areas, since these may indicate
migrations, or scour can expose pipe.
the presence of demolished buildings and the possibility of old
4.2.3 Drilling Fluid Disposal—The means for disposal of
foundations, as well any filled areas (3). It is also necessary to
the drilling fluid wastes must be considered. The volume of
check available utility records to help identify the precise
drilling fluid used will depend upon the soil characteristics but
location of existing below-ground facilities in the vicinity,
is typically on the order of 1 to 3 times the volume of removed
including electric power, natural gas, petroleum, water, sewer,
soil. Most drilling fluids use bentonite or polymer additives
or telecommunications lines. The presence of existing pipe-
which are not generally considered to be hazardous. However,
lines, support pilings, etc., containing significant steel mass
local regulations should be followed regarding disposal.
should be noted since this may cause interference with mag-
netically sensitive equipment guidance or location instrumen-
4.2.3.1 Drilling Fluid Recirculation—Occasionally, drilling
tation.
fluid recirculation is used to reduce overall material and
4.2.1.1 Drill Rig (Bore Entry) Side—The available area
disposal costs. If drilling fluid recirculation is contemplated, a
requiredonthesideofthedrillrigmustbesufficientfortherig
means must be considered for transporting any fluid exhausted
itself and its ancillary equipment. In general, the size of the
from the opposite (bore exit) side, during the pullback opera-
requiredareaontherigsidewilldependuponthemagnitudeof
tion,totherigside.Thismaybeaccomplishedbytruck,barge,
the operation, including length of bore and diameter of pipe to
or a temporary recirculation pipe line on the bottom of the
be placed. Typically, a temporary workspace of approximately
waterway (for river-crossings). The recirculation line must be
150 ft (45 m) width by 250 ft (75 m) length will be sufficient.
adequate to prevent accidental discharge into the waterway.
These dimensions may vary from 100 by 150 ft (30 by 45 m)
4.3 Subsurface Investigation—The overall t
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