ASTM D3882-08(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
Standard Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 Individual rolls are normally accepted or rejected on the basis of the maximum amount of bow or skew in a specific roll of fabric. The average bow or skew in a roll or lot or the range of bow or skew in a roll may be determined but are not normally used in the trade for acceptance or rejection.
5.3 Bow or skew can be induced during fabric manufacturing, dyeing, tentering, finishing, or other operations where a potential exists for uneven distribution of tensions across the fabric width. Bow and skew are more visually displeasing in colored, patterned fabrics such as plaids and horizontal stripes rather than in solid colors because the contrast makes the distortion more prominent. These defects may cause sewing problems in such fabrics and draping problems in finished products. In some cases, a specified amount of skew is needed, for example, to prevent twisting of pant legs made of twill fabric. Matching plaids from distorted patterns may create serious problems for the garment manufacturer or home sewer. Wavy ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bow and skew of filling yarns in woven fabrics and the courses in knitted fabrics.
1.2 This test method can also be used to measure the bow and skew of printed geometric designs.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3882 − 08 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
1
Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3882; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bow,
double bow, double hooked bow, double reverse bow, hooked
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bow and
bow, knitted fabric, skew, standard atmosphere for testing
skew of filling yarns in woven fabrics and the courses in
textiles.
knitted fabrics.
3.3 For definitions of all other textile terms seeTerminology
1.2 This test method can also be used to measure the bow
D123.
and skew of printed geometric designs.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
4. Summary of Test Method
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
4.1 Bow—Astraightedgeisplacedacrossthefabricbetween
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
two points at which a marked filling yarn, knitting course,
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
designated printed line, or designated design meets the two
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
selvages or edges. The greatest distance between the straight-
with the standard.
edge and the marked filling line, knitting course, designated
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
printed line, or designated design is measured parallel to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
selvage.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 Skew—The straight-line distortion of a marked filling
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
yarn, knitting course, designated printed line, or designated
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
design is measured from its normal perpendicular to the
selvage or edge.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
tance testing of commercial shipments.
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
3 tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
drawn 2008)
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
3 a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from
which the disparate test results were obtained, and are ran-
3. Terminology
domlyassignedinequalnumberstoeachlaboratoryfortesting.
3.1 For all terminology related to Fabric Defects see Termi-
Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this
nology D3990.
purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be
compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
Specific.
test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved
ε1
in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D3882 – 08(2012) . DOI:
bias.
10.1520/D3882-08R16.
2
5.2 Individual rolls are normally accepted or rejected on the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
basis of the maximum amount of bow or skew in a specific roll
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
of fabric. The average bow or skew in a roll or lot or the range
the ASTM website.
3 of bow or skew in a roll may be determined but are not
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. normally used in the trade for acceptance or rejection.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3882 − 08 (2016)
5.3 Bow or skew can be induced during fabric
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D3882 − 08 (Reapproved 2012) D3882 − 08 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
1
Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3882; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—The language in 9.5.2 and 9.5.5 was corrected editorially to match Fig. 2 in July 2012.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bow and skew of filling yarns in woven fabrics and the courses in knitted
fabrics.
1.2 This test method can also be used to measure the bow and skew of printed geometric designs.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn 2008)
3
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology related to Fabric Defects see Terminology D3990.
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bow, double bow, double hooked bow, double reverse bow, hooked bow,
knitted fabric, skew, standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
3.3 For definitions of all other textile terms see Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Bow—A straightedge is placed across the fabric between two points at which a marked filling yarn, knitting course,
designated printed line, or designated design meets the two selvages or edges. The greatest distance between the straightedge and
the marked filling line, knitting course, designated printed line, or designated design is measured parallel to the selvage.
4.2 Skew—The straight-line distortion of a marked filling yarn, knitting course, designated printed line, or designated design is
measured from its normal perpendicular to the selvage or edge.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012July 1, 2016. Published August 2012July 2016. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20082012 as
ε1
D3882 – 08(2012) . DOI: 10.1520/D3882-08R12E01.10.1520/D3882-08R16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3882 − 08 (2016)
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative
tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a
minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test
results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established
test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, eithe
...
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