ASTM D4851-07(2019)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for Architectural Use
Standard Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for Architectural Use
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures in this standard can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of coated and laminated fabrics for architectural use since these test methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Caution is advised, however, when testing adhesion of coating to fabric and breaking strength after crease fold because between laboratory precision is known to be poor (see 24.2). For these cases, comparative tests conducted, as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D4851 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration of the known bias.
5.2 The uses and significance of specific properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of coated and laminated fabrics made primarily for use in fabric roof systems. These coated and laminated fabrics are generally in either an air supported or tension supported construction of fabric roof systems.
1.2 These methods can be used for most fiber-based, coated and laminated architectural fabrics.
1.3 This standard includes the following sections that provide test procedures for coated and laminated architectural fabrics:
Section
Fabric Count
8
Mass per Unit Area
9
Fabric Thickness
10
Fabric Width
11
Fabric Length
12
Fabric Bow
13
Adhesion of Coating to Fabric
14
Uniaxial Elongation Under Static Load
15
Fabric Breaking Force
16
Breaking Strength After Crease Fold
17
Elongation at Break
18
Fabric Trapezoid Tear Force
19
Resistance to Accelerated Weathering
20
Solar Optical Properties
21
Fabric Flame Resistance
22
Noise Reduction Coefficient
23
1.4 These test methods include only testing procedures and do not include specifications or tolerances. They are intended as a guide for specifications. Any of these methods may be used in material specifications to evaluate requirements for a specific end use as related to a particular job.
1.5 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 14.1, A1.3.3.1, A2.3.3.1, and A3.3.3.1.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Bar...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D4851 − 07 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Methods for
Coated and Laminated Fabrics for Architectural Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4851; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Precautions were editorially changed to warnings and moved from Notes to subsections in July 2019.
1. Scope 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of coated and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
laminated fabrics made primarily for use in fabric roof sys-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tems.Thesecoatedandlaminatedfabricsaregenerallyineither
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
an air supported or tension supported construction of fabric
Specific warning statements are given in 14.1, A1.3.3.1,
roof systems.
A2.3.3.1, and A3.3.3.1.
1.2 These methods can be used for most fiber-based, coated
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
and laminated architectural fabrics.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.3 This standard includes the following sections that pro-
vide test procedures for coated and laminated architectural Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
fabrics:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Section
Fabric Count 8
Mass per Unit Area 9
2. Referenced Documents
Fabric Thickness 10
Fabric Width 11
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Fabric Length 12
C423TestMethodforSoundAbsorptionandSoundAbsorp-
Fabric Bow 13
tion Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method
Adhesion of Coating to Fabric 14
Uniaxial Elongation Under Static Load 15
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
Fabric Breaking Force 16
D751Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
Breaking Strength After Crease Fold 17
Elongation at Break 18 D1003Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
Fabric Trapezoid Tear Force 19
of Transparent Plastics
Resistance to Accelerated Weathering 20
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
Solar Optical Properties 21
D1777Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
Fabric Flame Resistance 22
Noise Reduction Coefficient 23
D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
1.4 These test methods include only testing procedures and Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
do not include specifications or tolerances. They are intended
drawn 2008)
as a guide for specifications. Any of these methods may be D2906Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
used in material specifications to evaluate requirements for a Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
specific end use as related to a particular job. D3773Test Methods for Length of Woven Fabric
D3774Test Method for Width of Textile Fabric
1.5 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to
D3775TestMethodforEnd(Warp)andPick(Filling)Count
regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
of Woven Fabrics
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated
D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
Fabric
system shall be used independently of the other.
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Methods, General. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published August 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4851–07(2015). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D4851-07R19E01. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D4851 − 07 (2019)
D3882Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and and breaking strength after crease fold because between
Knitted Fabrics laboratory precision is known to be poor (see 24.2). For these
D4850Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test cases,comparativetestsconducted,asdirectedin5.1.1,maybe
Methods advisable.
D5035Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of 5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method) reported test results when using Test Methods D4851 for
D5587Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by acceptancetestingofcommercialshipments,thepurchaserand
Trapezoid Procedure the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
E84Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
Building Materials statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
E108Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings bias.Asaminimum,thetwopartiesshouldtakeagroupoftest
E136TestMethodforAssessingCombustibilityofMaterials specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and from a
Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens
E424Test Methods for Solar Energy Transmittance and should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
Reflectance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
G23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical
(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure analysis for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level
of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000) chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias
G26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the
(Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test
of Nonmetallic Materials (Discontinued 2001) (With- results with consideration of the known bias.
drawn 2000)
5.2 The uses and significance of specific properties are
G53Practice for Operating Light-and Water-Exposure Ap-
discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.
paratus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo-
sure of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000)
6. Sampling
2.2 Federal Standards:
6.1 Lot Size—The size of an acceptance sampling lot of
Federal Test Method Standard191b,Method5903, Vertical
fabric for architectural use shall be the number of fabric rolls
Flame Resistance of Cloth
in a shipment or consignment of a single fabric style unless
NFPA 701National Fire Protection Standards—701 Stan-
otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier.
dard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Resistant Textiles
5 6.2 Lot Sample—Unless otherwise agreed upon, as when
and Films
specifiedinanapplicableorderorcontract,takeasalotsample
the number of rolls in a shipment or consignment of fabric.
3. Terminology
Specify the number of rolls of fabric in the lot sample for each
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
property of interest. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primary
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
sampling units.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
air-supportedroof,architectural-use,coatedfabric,fabricroof-
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
system, laminated fabric, tension-supported roof.
rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch or roll of fabric to
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s
risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
Terminology D123.
6.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample, take the
4. Summary of Test Method
following samples:
6.3.1 For fabric width, fabric bow, and fabric length, the
4.1 Asummary of the directions prescribed for the determi-
nationofspecificpropertiesisstatedintheappropriatesections rolls in the lot sample serve as the laboratory sample.
of specific methods or in the referenced test methods. 6.3.2 For noise reduction coefficient, flame resistance other
than small scale NFPA 701, solar optical properties, and
5. Significance and Use
resistance to accelerated weathering, take as a laboratory
sample a full-width swatch 12 m (12 yd) long from the end of
5.1 The procedures in this standard can be used for accep-
each randomly selected roll in the lot sample as determined by
tancetestingofcommercialshipmentsofcoatedandlaminated
agreement between the purchaser and supplier.
fabricsforarchitecturalusesincethesetestmethodshavebeen
used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Caution is
NOTE 2—Properties such as noise reduction coefficient, some flame
advised, however, when testing adhesion of coating to fabric
resistance tests, solar optical, and resistance to weathering are dependent
uponfabricstyleandmanufacturingprocesses.Theextentofthesampling
for these properties is usually defined in the applicable order or contract.
Among the options available to the purchaser and the supplier is for the
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
purchaser to accept a certification by the manufacturer that the material in
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
question meets the specification agreed upon by the two parties and what
www.access.gpo.gov.
Although discontinued by the National Fire Protection Association, this the basis for the certification is, such as, historical data generated from
standard continues to be used by the industry. material manufactured under the same conditions.
´1
D4851 − 07 (2019)
6.3.3 For other properties take as a laboratory sample a 10. Thickness
full-width swatch1m(1yd) long from the end of each roll in
10.1 Determine the thickness of the fabric as directed in
the lot sample.
Method D1777 using ten test specimens from each roll in the
laboratorysampleandusingthegaugewithapresserfootwith
NOTE3—Thesampleswatch,asinthelaboratorysample,maybetaken
from the end of a roll if there is no visual evidence that the fabric is
a diameter of 9.5 6 0.025 mm (0.375 6 0.001 in.) that is
distorted or different from the fabric in other parts of the roll. In cases of
weighted to apply a total force of 1.70 6 0.03 N (6 6 0.1 ozf)
dispute or if by visual evidence the outside fabric is not typical, take a
equivalent in pressure of 23.4 kPa (3.4 psi), unless otherwise
sampleswatchafterexcludingfabricfromtheouterwrapoftherollorthe
specified.
inner wrap of the core.
6.4 Test Specimens—Forfabricwidth,fabricbow,andfabric
11. Width
length, the rolls in the lot sample serve as test specimens. For
11.1 Determine the width of the fabric as directed in Test
other properties, take test specimens from the swatches in the
Method D3774, Option A (full roll), using the tension free
laboratory sample as directed in the respective test methods in
procedure,exceptmakefivemeasurementsoneachoftherolls
this standard.
in the lot sample.
6.4.1 Take the specimens for the measurement of the
machinedirectionpropertiesfromdifferentpositionsacrossthe
12. Length
fabric width and the specimens for the measurement of the
12.1 Measure the length of each roll in the lot sample as
cross-machine direction properties from different positions
directedinTestMethodD3773usingOptionB(DrumMethod)
along the length of the fabric. Take no specimens nearer the
or Option C (Clock Method).Verify that each sample roll does
selvage or edge of the fabric than ⁄10 the width of the fabric or
not contain more than one piece. Total the lengths of the rolls
125 mm (5 in.) whichever is smaller.
measured.Comparethelengthforeachoftherollstestedtothe
7. Conditioning
length specified on the corresponding identification label.
7.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in one of
13. Fabric Bow
the following atmospheres:
7.1.1 Option 1—Atemperatureof21 62°C(70 64°F)and 13.1 Measurethefabricbowofeachrollinthelotsampleas
relative humidity of 65 65%. directed in Test Method D3882 in three places spaced as
7.1.2 Option 2—Atemperatureof23 62°C(73 64°F)and widelyaspossiblealongtherolllength.Makenomeasurement
relative humidity of 50 65%. closer to the ends of the roll than1m(1 yd).
NOTE 4—The intent of the two options for testing atmospheres is to
14. Adhesion of Coating to Fabric
allow testing of architectural fabrics in respective laboratories where
products generally manufactured are related to a fabric laminating or
14.1 Warning—In addition to other precautions, when
coatingdiscipline.Inanyevent,thetestatmosphereoptionshallbeagreed
flammable or toxic adhesives are used for sealing, they should
upon by the contractural parties and stated in the report.
be cured in a well-ventilated area, for example, under a hood,
7.2 Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when
to prevent accumulation of vapors. This is also applicable
the increase in mass of the specimen in successive weighings
whensealingtechniquesthatdonotrequireadhesivesareused.
made at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1% of
14.2 Determinethecoatingadhesioninbothmachinedirec-
the mass of the specimen. In general practice, the industry
tion and cross-machine direction as directed in Test Methods
approaches equilibrium from the “As Received” side.
D751, using two sets of specimens in both the machine
NOTE 5—It is recognized that in practice, coated and laminated fabrics
direction and the cross-machine direction. Use a constant-rate-
are frequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has
of-extension(CRE)typetensiletestingmachineoperatedat50
been reached. While such a procedure cannot be accepted in cases of
6 3 mm/min (2.0 6 0.1 in./min) and report the rate used.
dispute,itmaybesufficientinroutinetestingtoexposethematerialtothe
standard atmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before the
14.3 Theuseofhydraulic-pneumaticclampingsystemswith
specimens are test
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.