ASTM E310-99
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs and illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in tin bronze and related types of alloys. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level.
1.1.2 A standard nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.1.3 A source of reference radiographs from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular radiographs to serve as standards representing minimum acceptability. The standards so established are identified by an alphabetic defect type and severity level (or class) designation.
1.2 The original radiographs are of discontinuities in sand cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, "G" type, bronze alloy plates. These discontinuities are representative of those found in wide solidification range copper-tin base alloys. The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these reference radiographs also apply to related Government and commercial material specifications: Valve bronze castings B 61 A Composition bronze or ounce metal castings B 62 B Tin bronze sand castings B 584 Leaded red brass sand castings B 584 Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable) B 271 A Similar to MIL-B-16541. B Similar to MIL-B-16444.
1.3 The discontinuity types and severity levels represented by the reference radiographs are shown in Table 1, which also indicates the code designation for each discontinuity type.
1.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and manufacturer. Note 1-The reference radiographs consist of twenty-two 21/2 by 51/2-in. radiograph reproductions of low voltage X rays. Fifteen of these were made with newly developed 1-in. plate castings and seven were made with 3/4-in. plate castings used originally for documents NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and -2. The new plate castings cover Gas Porosity. Linear Shrinkage, and Feathery Shrinkage discontinuity types.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:E310–99
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Tin Bronze Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be
applicable and for which agreement has been reached between
1.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of origi-
purchaser and manufacturer.
nal radiographs and illustrate various types and degrees of
discontinuities occurring in tin bronze and related types of 1
NOTE 1—The reference radiographs consist of twenty-two 2 ⁄2 by
alloys. They are intended to provide the following: 5 ⁄2-in. radiograph reproductions of low voltage X rays. Fifteen of these
were made with newly developed 1-in. plate castings and seven were
1.1.1 A guide to the recognition of common discontinuities
made with ⁄4-in. plate castings used originally for documents NAVSHIPS
and their differentiation both as to type and severity level.
250-537-1 and -2. The new plate castings cover Gas Porosity. Linear
1.1.2 A standard nomenclature for reference in acceptance
Shrinkage, and Feathery Shrinkage discontinuity types.
standards, specifications and drawings.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
1.1.3 A source of reference radiographs from which manu-
as the standard.
facturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
particular radiographs to serve as standards representing mini-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mum acceptability. The standards so established are identified
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
by an alphabetic defect type and severity level (or class)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
designation.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 The original radiographs are of discontinuities in sand
cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” type, bronze alloy plates. These
2. Referenced Documents
discontinuities are representative of those found in wide
2.1 ASTM Standards:
solidification range copper-tin base alloys. The following
B61 Specification for Steam or Valve Bronze Castings
ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these stan-
B62 Specification for Composition Bronze or Ounce Metal
dards; however, it is intended that these reference radiographs
Castings
also apply to related Government and commercial material
B 271 Specification for Copper-Base Alloy Centrifugal
specifications:
Castings
A
Valve bronze castings B 61B61
B
B 584 Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for
Composition bronze or ounce metal castings B 62B62
Tin bronze sand castings B 584B 584
General Applications
Leaded red brass sand castings B 584B 584
E94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable) B 271B 271
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
A
Similar to MIL-B-16541.
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
B
Similar to MIL-B-16444.
Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
1.3 The discontinuity types and severity levels represented
by the reference radiographs are shown in Table 1, which also
3. Terminology
indicates the code designation for each discontinuity type.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this docu-
1.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted
ment, see Terminology E 1316E 1316, Section D.
to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits
that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to
4. Significance and Use
be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used,
4.1 These reference radiographs were produced by the use
where there is no other applicable document, for other energy
of 88:8:4, Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” plate castings. Table 2 lists the
chemical composition and mechanical property limits for the
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E-7 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1999. Published February 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
published as E 310 – 66 T. Last previous edition E 310 – 95. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0310.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E310–99
TABLE 1 Discontinuity Types and Severity Levels Illustrated by TABLE 2 Alloy Type Used to Produce Plate Castings for Original
A
the Reference Radiographs Radiographs
Severity Level or Chemical Composition, %
B
Classes Based on
Discontinuity Type Code min max
1-in. (25.4-mm) Thick
Plates Copper 86.00 89.00
Tin 7.50 9.00
Gas porosity A 1 to 5
Zinc 3.00 5.00
C
Sand inclusions B 1 to 5
Nickel . 1.00
Shrinkage, linear Ca 1 to 5
Lead . 0.30
Shrinkage, feathery or spongy Cd 1 to 5
Iron . 0.15
C
Hot tear Da 1 illustration
Phosphorus . 0.05
C
Inserts, chaplets Eb 1 illustration
Mechanical Properties
A
The radiographs are applicable to and including 2-in. thick sections. Upon
agreement between manufacturer and purchaser, they may be used for larger
Tensile strength, min, psi (MPa) 40 000 (275)
section thicknesses.
Elongation in 2 in. or 51 mm, min, 20
B
The discontinuity types are numbered according to severity level or class, one
representing the highest quality.
C
Standards are taken from NAVSHIPS 250-537-1.
5. Descriptions of Discontinuities
5.1 The following paragraphs are provided to aid in the
identification and classification of discontinuities (Note 3).
alloy type. The references illustrate the appearance of the
They briefly describe the radiographic appearance of common
various radiographic severity levels when the original radio-
types of discontinuities and indicate their probable cause.
graphs are produced to a photographic density of 2.0 6 0.2 on
5.1.1 Gas Holes—Round or elongated, smooth-edged dark
high contrast, fine grain film with a sensitivity (quality level),
spots which may occur either individually, in clusters, or
as determined by standard penetrameters, of 2 % (2-2T). In
distributed throughout the casting section. They are generally
selecting these reference radiographs, the aim was to obtain a
caused by trapped air or mold gases.
progressively graduated series for each type of discontinuity
(Note 2). It was not intended that alike numbered levels or
NOTE 3—Discontinuities caused by evolved gases may occur as more
classes be considered of equal severity (as far as deterioration
or less spherical voids, but may also occur as elongated “worm holes” or
of mechanical properties is concerned) for the various catego-
cavities somewhat resembling certain types of shrinkage. It is recom-
ries. mended that the“ worm hole” cavities be evaluated by the use of the
feathery or sponge shrinkage category reference radiographs.
NOTE 2—For a description of sensitivity or quality levels, see Guide
5.1.2 Shrinkage—Shrinkage is generally associated with
E94E94.
improper feeding and manifests itself in the following different
4.2 The reproductions have been prepared to an H and D
indication forms:
density of 2.0 6 0.2 and have retained substantially the
5.1.2.1 Linear Shrinkage—Usually a continuous structure
contrast of the original radiographs. Details of the technique
of connected lines, branches or network of variable length,
used in the original radiography are listed in Table 3. These
width, and density.
data are presented as a matter of record and are not to be
5.1.2.2 Feathery Shrinkage—Appears on the radiographs as
construed as the only recommended techniques to be used for
sponge but with a more feathery outline.
theradiographyofcastingstobeevaluatedbythesereferences.
5.1.2.3 Sponge Shrinkage—Appears on the radiographs as a
4.3 Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to dark area or areas, lacy in texture, usually with a diffuse
wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the outline.
image deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi- 5.1.3 Hot Tears—The similarly, appearing“ hot tear” and
tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio- “linear shrinka
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