ASTM D7348-13

Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950°C. To combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than 950°C. These test methods establish a procedure for determining LOI values for combustion residues heated to 750°C or 950°C. LOI values from these test methods can be used by industries that utilize combustion residues in various processes and products.  
5.2 If the solid combustion residue is heated to estimate the combustible or unburned carbon in the sample, it has been shown that LOI and estimation of unburned carbon do not necessarily agree well with each other and that LOI should not be used as an estimate of unburned carbon in all combustion residues.3. Direct determination of unburned (combustible) carbon can be carried out using Test Method D6316.  
5.3 If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the concentrations of major and minor elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3682, D4326, and D6349, or the procedures for the 750°C LOI determination described in these test methods (Method A).  
5.4 If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the concentrations of trace elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3683 and D6357.Note 1—Combustion residues produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems can differ from the ash yield, as determined in Test Methods D3174 and D7582, because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of metal sulfides into metal oxides, metal sulfates and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Likewise, the “ash” obtai...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth, from the decomposition or combustion of the residue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2013
• ICS: 27.020 - Internal combustion engines
• Technical Committee: D05 - Coal and Coke
• Drafting Committee: D05.29 - Major Elements in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7348 − 13
Standard Test Methods for
1
Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled
Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass
D6357 TestMethodsforDeterminationofTraceElementsin
loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or
Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal Utiliza-
oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss
tion Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth,
Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma
from the decomposition or combustion of the residue.
Mass Spectrometry, and Graphite Furnace Atomic Ab
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
standard.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
methods, refer to Terminology D121.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke 4.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) is determined by measuring the
D3174 Test Method forAsh in theAnalysis Sample of Coal loss in mass of the test specimen when heated under controlled
and Coke from Coal conditions of temperature, time, atmosphere, specimen mass,
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses and equipment specifications. The LOI can be determined by
from As-Determined to Different Bases measuring the mass loss in a single procedure or in a two-step
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in procedure in which mass losses, equivalent to the moisture and
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes ash values of the test specimen, are determined.
D3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke
Ash by Atomic Absorption
5. Significance and Use
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high
D6316 TestMethodforDeterminationofTotal,Combustible
temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI
and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues from Coal and
normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950°C. To
Coke
combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor
losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than
Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Com-
950°C. These test methods establish a procedure for determin-
ing LOI values for combustion residues heated to 750°C or
950°C. LOI values from these test methods can be used by
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD05onCoal
industries that utilize combustion residues in various processes
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.29 on Major
Elements in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal. and products.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
5.2 If the solid combustion residue is heated to estimate the
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7348 – 08E1. DOI:
10.1520/D7348-13.
combustible or unburned carbon in the sample, it has been
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
shown that LOI and estimation of unburned carbon do not
contactASTM Customer Service as [e-mail]. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
necessarily agree well with each other and that LOI should not
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. be used as an estimate of unburned carbon in all combustion
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D7348 − 13
3
residues. . Direct determination of unburned (combustible) changes per minute as in some other standa
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D7348 − 08 D7348 − 13
Standard Test Methods for
1
Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Eq 4 was editorially corrected in May 2011.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or oxygen
atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth, from the
decomposition or combustion of the residue.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses from As-Determined to Different Bases
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
D3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke Ash by Atomic Absorption
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
D5142 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke by Instrumental Procedures (Withdrawn
3
2010)
D6316 Test Method for Determination of Total, Combustible and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues from Coal and Coke
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Combustion of
Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
D6357 Test Methods for Determination of Trace Elements in Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization
Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,
and Graphite Furnace Atomic Ab
D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D121.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) is determined by measuring the loss in mass of the test specimen when heated under controlled
conditions of temperature, time, atmosphere, specimen mass, and equipment specifications. The LOI can be determined by
measuring the mass loss in a single procedure or in a two-step procedure in which mass losses, equivalent to the moisture and ash
values of the test specimen, are determined.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.29 on Major Elements
in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008Sept. 1, 2013. Published October 2008September 2013. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072008
as D7348–07. DOI: 10.1520/D7348-08. – 08E1. DOI: 10.1520/D7348-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service as [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7348 − 13
5. Significance and Use
5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high
temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950°C. To
combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than 950°C.
These test methods establish a procedure for determining LOI values for combustion residues heated
...