ASTM F1337-91(1996)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes and defines the requirements for applying human engineering to the development and acquisition of ships and marine systems, equipment, and facilities. These requirements are applicable to all phases of development, acquisition, and testing and shall be integrated with the total system engineering and development, and test effort. It is not expected nor intended that all of the human engineering activities should be applied to every marine program or program phase. Therefore, these activities shall be tailored to meet the specific needs of each program and the milestone phase of the program within the overall life cycle. This tailoring shall be performed by the procuring activity or by the contractor or subcontractor with the assistance and approval of the procuring activity in order to impose only the essential human engineering requirements on each program. Guidance for selection of only the essential requirements is contained in Appendix X1.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: F 1337 – 91 (Reapproved 1996) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and
Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1337; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope time limits, specific sequence, necessary accuracy) will have
adverse effects on system or equipment cost, reliability, effi-
1.1 This practice establishes and defines the requirements
ciency, effectiveness, or safety.
for applying human engineering to the development and
3.1.3 cultural expectation—the cause and effect relation-
acquisition of ships and marine systems, equipment, and
ships (for example, red means stop or danger) that humans
facilities. These requirements are applicable to all phases of
learn from their culture.
development, acquisition, and testing and shall be integrated
3.1.4 duty—a set of operationally related tasks within a
with the total system engineering and development, and test
given job (for example, communicating, operator mainte-
effort. It is not expected nor intended that all of the human
nance).
engineering activities should be applied to every marine
3.1.5 function—an activity performed by a system (for
program or program phase. Therefore, these activities shall be
example, provide electric power) to meet mission objectives.
tailored to meet the specific needs of each program and the
3.1.6 human engineering—a specialized engineering disci-
milestone phase of the program within the overall life cycle.
pline within the area of human factors that applies scientific
This tailoring shall be performed by the procuring activity or
knowledge of human physiological and psychological capabili-
by the contractor or subcontractor with the assistance and
ties and limitations to the design of hardware to achieve
approval of the procuring activity in order to impose only the
effective man-machine integration.
essential human engineering requirements on each program.
3.1.7 human factors—the application of scientific knowl-
Guidance for selection of only the essential requirements is
edge about human characteristics, covering both biomedical
contained in Appendix X1.
and psychosocial considerations, to complete systems, indi-
2. Referenced Documents
vidual equipments, software, and facilities. This application is
through such specialized fields as human engineering, man-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ning, personnel selection, training, training devices and simu-
F 1166 Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine
lation, life support, safety, job performance aids, and human
Systems, Equipment and Facilities
performance testing and evaluation.
2.2 Other Standard:
3.1.8 human interface—any direct contact (that is, physical,
SNAME Sample Model Specification for Human Engineer-
visual, or auditory) with a piece of hardware or software by a
ing Purposes—Technical and Research Bulletin 4–22
human operator or maintainer.
3. Terminology
3.1.9 job—the combination of all human performance re-
quired for operation and maintenance of one personnel position
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
in a system.
3.1.1 arrangement drawings—engineering design drawings
3.1.10 life support—that area of human factors that applies
that provide plan, sectional, and elevation views of: (1) the
scientific knowledge regarding the effects of environmental
configuration and arrangement of major items of equipment for
factors on human behavior and performance to items that
manned compartments, spaces, or individual work stations, and
require special attention or provisions for health promotion,
(2) within the work station, such as in a modular rack or on a
biomedical aspects of safety, protection, sustenance, escape,
fiddleboard.
survival, and recovery of personnel.
3.1.2 critical activity—any human activity that if not ac-
3.1.11 mission—a specific performance requirement im-
complished in accordance with system requirements (that is,
posed on one or more systems (for example, unload cargo)
within the operational requirements.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F–25 on Ships and
3.1.12 operational requirements—requirements under
Marine Technologyand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07on
which the platform, system, equipment, or software will be
General Requirements.
Current edition approved April 15, 1991. Published November 1991.
expected to operate and be maintained (for example, day/night,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.07.
all weather operation, sea state, speed, endurance) while
Available from Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 601 Pavonia
completing a specific mission or missions.
Ave., Jersey City, NJ 07306, Attn: Technical Coordinator.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 1337
3.1.13 panel layout drawings—detailed drawings that in- include the tasks to be performed, human engineering mile-
clude such features as: a scale layout of the controls and stones, level of effort, methods to be used, design concepts to
displays on each panel or an item of equipment such as a be used, and the test and evaluation program, in terms of an
shipboard command console; a description of all symbols used; integrated effort within the total project.
identification of the color coding used for displays and con- 4.2 Quality Assurance—Verification of compliance with the
trols; the labeling used on each control or display; and the requirements of this practice and other human engineering
identification of control type (for example, alternate action or requirements specified by the contract will be the responsibility
momentary), also screen layouts for software generated dis- of the procuring activity. Human engineering performed during
plays. the development program by a contractor or subcontractor shall
3.1.14 platform—the major hardware (for example, ship, be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the procuring activity at
off-shore rig, barge, submarine) on, or in which, the individual the scheduled design and configuration reviews and inspec-
equipment, system, or software will be installed or added. tions, as well as during development test and evaluation
3.1.15 spatial relationships—placement of multiple but inspections, demonstrations, and tests.
separate components of a system together, so it is visually 4.3 Nonduplication—The efforts performed to fulfill the
obvious that the components are related and used together, or human engineering requirements specified herein shall be
placement of identical components used on multiple systems to coordinated with, but not duplicate, efforts performed in
provide the user with a spatial clue as to where the components accordance with other requirements. Necessary extensions or
are located. transformations of the results of other efforts for use in the
3.1.16 subtask—activities (perceptions, decisions, and re- human engineering program will not be considered duplica-
sponses) that fulfill a portion of the immediate purpose within tion. Instances of duplication or conflict shall be brought to the
a task (for example, remove washers and nuts on the water attention of the procuring activity.
pump). 4.4 Cognizance and Coordination—The human engineering
3.1.17 system—a composite of subsystems, including program shall be coordinated with maintainability, system
equipment, communications, software, and personnel that ei- safety, reliability, survivability/vulnerability, and integrated
ther independently, or in conjunction with other systems, logistic support, as well as other human factors functions, such
performs functions. as life support and safety, personnel selection, preparation of
3.1.18 system analysis—a basic tool for systematically de- job aids, and training. Results of human engineering analysis or
fining the roles of and interactions between the equipment, lessons learned information shall be incorporated into the
personnel, communications, and software of one or more logistic support analysis as applicable. The human engineering
systems. It is an iterative process, requiring updating. Used in portion of any analysis, design and development, or test and
the early phases of design, it can be useful in allocating evaluation program shall be conducted by, or under the direct
assignment of tasks to personnel, equipment, software, or some cognizance of, personnel properly trained and experienced in
combination thereof. Done in later design stages, it can serve as human engineering and assigned the human engineering re-
the basis for the arrangement of equipment and work stations. sponsibility by the contractor or subcontractor.
3.1.19 task—a composite of related activities (perceptions,
5. Significance and Use
decisions, and responses) performed for an immediate purpose,
5.1 Intended Use—Compliance with this practice will pro-
written in operator/maintainer language (for example, change a
vide the procuring activity with assurance that the operator/
water pump).
maintainer will be efficient and effective in the operation and
3.1.20 task analysis—a method used to develop a time-
maintenance of systems, equipment and facilities. Specifically,
oriented description of the interactions between the human
it is intended to ensure that:
operator/maintainer and the equipment or software in accom-
5.1.1 System performance requirements are achieved by
plishing a unit of work with a system or individual piece of
appropriate use of the human component,
equipment. It shows the sequential and simultaneous manual
5.1.2 Proper design of equipment, software and environ-
and intellectual activities of personnel operating, maintaining,
ment permits the personnel-equipment/software combination
or controlling equipment, in addition to sequential operation of
to meet system performance goals,
the equipment.
5.1.3 Design features will not constitute a hazard to person-
3.1.21 task element—the smallest logically and reasonably
nel,
definable unit of behavior required in completing a task or
5.1.4 Trade-offs between automated versus manual opera-
subtask (for example, apply counterclockwise torque to the
tion have been chosen for peak system efficiency within
nuts, on the water pump, with a wrench).
appropriate cost limits,
3.1.22 vendor drawings—design drawings prepared by the
5.1.5 Application of selected human engineering design
manufacturer of an individual piece of equipment which is
standards are technically adequate and appropriate,
purchased for installation aboard a ship or other marine
5.1.6 Systems and equipments are designed to facilitate
platform.
required maintenance,
4. Summary of Practice
5.1.7 Procedures for operating and maintaining equipment
4.1 Human Engineering Program Plan—The human engi- are efficient, reliable and safe,
neering program plan, in accordance with the requirements of 5.1.8 Potential error-inducing equipment design features are
this practice and the equipment or ship specification, shall eliminated, or at least, minimized,
F 1337
5.1.9 Layouts and arrangements of equipment afford effi- 6.1.2 Mission Requirements Analysis—Mission require-
cient communication and use, and ments define the performance parameters of the equipment,
5.1.10 Contractors provide the necessary, technically quali-
system, or total platform in greater detail than that provided by
fied manpower to accomplish the objectives listed. the ORs, and in terms of specific activities the hardware/
5.2 Scope and Nature of Work—The human engineering
software is supposed to accomplish. Human engineering shall
effort shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, active be involved in establishing the mission requirements since the
participation in three major interrelated areas of platform,
human’s capabilities or limitations may well be a controlling
system, and equipment development. factor regarding whether or not the mission requirements can
5.2.1 Analysis—Starting with a mission analysis developed
be met.
within baseline operational requirements, the functions that
6.1.3 System Requirements Analysis—System requirements
must be performed by the system in achieving its mission
analyses define the specific systems that will be needed to
objectives shall be identified and described. These functions
successfully complete each of the missions delineated above.
shall be analyzed to determine the best allocation to personnel,
Human engineering shall be involved in establishing system
equipment, software, or combinations thereof. Allocated func-
requirements, since some systems can require greater numbers
tions shall be further dissected to define the specific tasks that
of personnel and higher skill levels for operators or maintainers
must be performed to accomplish the functions. Each task shall
than others. Human engineering data from existing systems
be analyzed to determine the human performance parameters,
similar to those being proposed for the new design may be used
the system/equipment/software capabilities, and the
as a baseline in defining the new system requirements.
operational/environmental conditions under which the tasks are
6.1.4 Function Definition—The functions that must be per-
conducted. Task performance parameters shall be quantified,
formed by each system to achieve the desired mission objec-
where possible, and in a form permitting effectiveness studies
tives shall be defined. This definition shall be done without
of the crew-equipment/software interfaces in relation to the
consideration as to whether the function will be performed by
total system operation. Human engineering high risk areas
a human, by a machine, or by a combination of the two.
shall be identified as part of the analysis.
Functions shall be stated as a required action (for example,
5.2.2 Design and Development—Design and development
monitor, receive, communicate, view, send, calibrate). Func-
of the equipment, software, systems, and total platforms
tional block diagrams shall be used, as appropriate, as a
requiring personnel as operators or maintainers, or both, shall
presentation tool. Functional definitions shall be as detailed as
include a human engineering effort that will ensure that
is necessary to permit the successful allocation of the func-
adequate and appropriate human engineering design standards
tions. The transfer and processing of information (for example,
are incorporated into the overall engineering
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.