F25.07 - General Requirements

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the design, manufacture, and testing of fire hose nozzles intended for use with sea water or fresh water either in straight stream or adjustable spray patterns. Marine fire hose nozzles may be classified into four general construction types, as follows: Type I; Type II; Type III; and Type IV. Nozzle types may be subdivided into three general classes, as follows: Class I; Class II; and Class III. Classes may be subdivided into two general sizes. Tensile strength, ultimate elongation, tensile set test, compression set test, accelerated aging test, aging exposure, ultraviolet light-water exposure, discharge calibration test, flow pattern test, flushing test, control tests, corrosion exposure, high temperature test, low temperature test, rough usage test, leakage test, hydrostatic pressure test, operator protection test, and horizontal distance shall be performed to conform with specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the design, manufacture, and testing of fire hose nozzles intended for use with sea water or fresh water either in straight stream or adjustable spray patterns.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers gongs for use on ships of certain length, as required by International Regulations. The gong cylinder, brackets, clapper rod, "U" bracket, washers, and clapper support pin shall be made of stainless steel. The clapper mass shall be made of cast alloy steel. In addition, the support bolt, nut, flat washer, and cotter pins shall be made of stainless steel compatible with the other materials. The general arrangement of the assembled gong, as well as details of the gong cylinder, brackets, clapper, and miscellaneous fittings are presented. The sound characteristics of these gongs shall be determined by an acoustic test. These gongs shall be free from cracks, burrs, sharp cutting edges, and other defects affecting their life, appearance, and serviceability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers gongs for use on ships 100 m or more in length, as required by International Regulations (see Appendix X1).  
1.2 For consistency with International Regulations, all measurements are in SI units.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The symbols depicted represent the following:  
3.1.1 Equipment required during evacuation or rescue,  
3.1.2 Location of muster stations in preparation for evacuation or rescue, or  
3.1.3 The sequence of events for operation of survival craft.  
3.2 Where station numbers are used with another symbol, they should be abutted to the right hand side of the other symbol.  
3.3 Arrows may be used with any other symbol and, where feasible, should point in the direction of the equipment or station by being abutted to the symbol on the edge toward which the arrow is pointing.  
3.4 Symbols that indicate station or equipment location should be in white on a green background (see Figs. 1 and 2).    
3.5 Symbols that specify the operating sequence of survival craft should be in white on a blue background (see Fig. 3).    
3.6 Symbols used as legends in station bills, lifesaving equipment arrangement plans or drawings, or other posters, need not meet the dimensions specified in 3.7.  
3.7 Symbols used as markers to indicate the location of stations or equipment should be sized in accordance with 3.7.1 or 3.7.2.  
3.7.1 Station number symbol dimensions should be a minimum of 150 mm in height by 75 mm in width (6 in. by 3 in.).  
3.7.1.1 Station number symbol dimensions of 600 mm by 300 mm (24 in. by 12 in.) should be used for greater prominence with the larger muster station symbol specified in 3.7.2.1.  
3.7.2 Other symbol dimensions should be a minimum of 150 mm by 150 mm (6 in. by 6 in.), except:
3.7.2.1 A muster station symbol with dimensions of 600 mm by 600 mm (24 in. by 24 in.) may be used in conjunction with the larger station number symbol specified in 3.7.1.1.  
3.8 Symbols depicted in Figs. 1 and 2 should represent the survival craft that is actually provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers those symbols to be used to identify the location and operation of lifesaving equipment related to evacuation of personnel in the marine environment.  
1.2 The symbols depicted should be used whenever graphic representation could assist personnel in locating their emergency stations and equipment and in the operation of such equipment.  
1.3 Posters or signs depicting these symbols should be placed in conspicuous locations in the vicinity of survival craft, their launching controls, or other lifesaving equipment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers manually operated fueling hose reels for use with collapsible and noncollapsible hose. Fueling hose reels shall be of one of the following types as specified: type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4. The hose reel shall be of a durable, rigid construction, as light in weight and compact as practicable. The reel drum may have either smoothly formed flat sides or suitable spoke ribs, so formed as not to damage the hose. Reels shall be provided with a holding brake to lock the reel in any position. The reel shall be fitted with a device for clamping the hose nozzle securely to the reel to prevent unwinding of the hose and damage to the nozzle. The reel hub discharge shall be angled to provide a smooth tangential contact of the hose with the reel drum. The reel shall have an aromatic fuels tight rotating joint between reel inlet connection and the rotating hub on the reel drum. The reel inlet connection shall be flanged, the flange being part of the rotating swivel joint. Hydrostatic tset and operating test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers manually operated fueling hose reels for use with collapsible and noncollapsible hose.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 12 of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the materials, dimensions, and assembly of steel and aluminum rat guards intended to prevent rats from boarding ships by way of mooring lines. Rat guards shall be classified into three types, namely: Type I, Type II, and Type III. Type I rat guards shall be made of the prescribed aluminum-alloy sheet metal; Type II rat guards shall be made of the prescribed galvanized sheet steel; and Type III rat guards shall be made of either of these specified materials. Types I and II rat guards shall be provided with the following: hinge bolt, guide and tie rope, and grommet. Type III rat guards shall consist of two half disks and two half tapered sleeves and the hinge bolt provided with each rat guard shall consist of a commercial hexagon head bolt, nut, and washer, all made of corrosion resistant steel. The dimensional requirements such as thickness of disk, sleeve, and guide for galvanized steel or aluminum sleeve of Type III rat guard are specified. Type I and Type II rat guard configurations and Type III rat guard assembly are detailed and illustrated.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the materials, dimensions, and assembly of steel and aluminum rat guards.  
1.2 Rat guards are intended to prevent rats from boarding ships by way of mooring lines.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is designed to be used both onboard a vessel and by the operating entity ashore. It should be recognized that this guide provides general information applicable across all sectors of the maritime industry. Because of the nature of pandemics, it cannot provide detailed information concerning a specific type of pandemic, nor can it provide specific recommendations applicable to all sectors of the maritime industry. It should be used to provide a starting point and reference as to the best practices and actions that should be taken to protect the vessel and its crew and passengers.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information, best practices, or a series of options, or combinations thereof, to be used by the maritime industry to assist with continuity of international and domestic maritime operations during a pandemic. The information provided herein may also be useful when a vessel is in an area with a localized epidemic as well. The focus of this guide is on actions to protect a vessel’s crew and passengers from the effects of a pandemic to the greatest extent possible.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for sacrificial anodes of zinc alloy in the form of slabs, plates, discs, and rods for corrosion protection (cathodic protection) of metals and alloys. These anodes are primarily intended to reduce corrosion of surface ship and submarine hulls, steel and aluminum equipment and structures, sea chests, sonar domes, and the seawater side of condensers and other heat exchangers. The anodes are available either as cast-in cores (Class 1) or plain with no cores (Class 2). Class 1 anodes shall be of the following types: Type ZHS—hull slabs with steel straps; Type ZHB—hull slabs with brass straps; Type ZHC—hull slabs with core straps; Type ZSS—submarine slabs with steel straps; Type ZTS—teardrop shapes with steel straps; Type ZEP—heat exchanger or fair water discs (pipe core or pipe bushing core) that are in the form of square slabs (Style A), circular slabs (Style B), and semicircular slabs (Style C); Type ZBP—bars with pipe cores; and Type ZDM—segmented discs with machine formed interlocking cores. Conversely, Class 2 anodes shall be of the following types: Type ZRN—extruded, drawn or rolled rods; and Type ZPN—rolled plates. Anodes shall conform to material and manufacture, chemical composition, mechanical property, and dimensional requirements specified uniquely for each type.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for zinc anodes in the form of slabs, plates, discs, and rods for corrosion protection (cathodic protection) of metals and alloys.  
1.2 The anodes are primarily intended to reduce corrosion of surface ship and submarine hulls, steel and aluminum equipment and structures, sea chests, sonar domes, and the seawater side of condensers and other heat exchangers.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers thermal insulating bricks made from fire clay that are used as backup insulation for refractory furnace linings of boiler furnaces. The bricks shall be composed of heat-resistant materials that have been burned or fired to produce the desired density, strength, and structure. Representative bricks shall be tested, and shall conform accordingly to specified values of bulk density, modulus of rupture, and reheat change.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers two types of thermal insulating brick for industrial or marine boiler furnaces. Type I is a special, 2500 °F (1371 °C) maximum service temperature, insulating firebrick that is used as backup insulation for refractory furnace linings.2 Type II is a standard insulating brick that, in general, is used where there may be direct contact with combustion gases, such as forge and stress relieving furnaces.3  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for pneumatic rotary descaling machines for removal of paint, rust, scale, nonskid deck covering and other coatings from steel and aluminum structures. These portable machines are intended for use in a marine environment, subject to salt air and spray during use and high humidity during storage. De scaling machines are available in two types and two classes, as follows: Type 1 which is the hand-held and Type 2 which is the deck-supported type. Both types have two classes which are Class A in inch-pound design and Class B in SI metric design. Hubs for use with descaling machines are also available in four classes: Class A is a hub that is non-metallic, nonwoven and non-contaminating, Class B is a peening hub for aluminum surfaces, Class C is a hub of metallic hammer type used for steel surfaces and Class D is a hub of metallic cutter type use for steel surfaces. A service life test shall be conducted on an uncoated steel test plate and each hub shall be subjected to a performance test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for pneumatic rotary descaling machines for removal of paint, rust, scale, nonskid deck covering, and other coatings from steel and aluminum structures. These portable machines are intended for use in a marine environment, subject to salt air and spray during use and high humidity during storage.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.3 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only, Section 12, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 17.2.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is applicable to fixed foam firefighting systems, including foam generation equipment, foam distribution system piping and valves, sprinkler arrangement and operation, hose reel unit operation, and system controls, as those components are included in the system for a particular application.  
4.1.1 Foam systems for machinery spaces are tested using those portions of this test method which apply to the installed components. Suitable adaptation of this test method is made for use with systems which do not include all hardware components described herein.  
4.1.2 Deck foam systems are tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s design criteria.  
4.2 This test method demonstrates: satisfactory installation of an entire fixed foam/sprinkling system and its associated controls; and effective operation of portions of the foam distribution system and foam maker sprinkling nozzles for selected zones.  
4.2.1 This test method verifies application rates and areas of coverage for each type of discharge device of the fixed foam firefighting system.  
4.2.2 The satisfactory operation of the system in the selected zones is a measure of overall system capacity and anticipated operation for emergency use. The test, however, may not be representative of all emergency operating conditions that may vary with changes in the number of zones that are activated simultaneously, the material condition of the distribution and sprinkling components as they are maintained over time, and restoration of the system following its use for testing or actual emergencies.  
4.3 Test procedures shall be prepared for the conduct of tests of foam firefighting systems in specific vessels. Those procedures shall be tailored to the system design for the system as installed and operated in each vessel.  
4.3.1 Tests accomplished in accordance with approved test procedures may be sufficient to demonstrate that the vessel meets the regulatory and classification requirements for the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers shipboard, fixed (installed) foam/sprinkling firefighting systems.  
1.2 Satisfactory completion of these tests indicates functional performance of the fixed foam firefighting system and may be used to demonstrate the system installation’s compliance with the design characteristics of the system.  
1.3 Tests made in conformity with this test method are intended to demonstrate the installation and operation of an installed, fixed foam firefighting system. As it includes regulatory requirements, this standard addresses those vessels subject to regulations and ship classification rules. However, the methods stated herein are suitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft, military vessels, and similar vessels that are not required to meet regulations for firefighting systems.  
1.4 Limitations:  
1.4.1 International requirements, national regulations, and ship classification rules must be consulted. The following regulatory requirements and classification society rules were considered in the preparation of this test method:
1.4.1.1 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 SOLAS Convention, 1978 SOLAS Protocol, and the 1981 and 1983 SOLAS Amendments, II-2/8, “Fixed low-expansion foam extinguishing systems in machinery spaces,”
1.4.1.2 U.S. Government regulations included in 46 CFR 76, 46 CFR 95, and 46 CFR 108 as those regulations are written and enforced by the United States Cost Guard, and
1.4.1.3 The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels. However, the owner will designate the specific classification society which is to be used to classify a particular vessel.  
1.4.2 The requirements, regulations, and rules for a specific design must be selected by the owner based on the planned operating profile for the vessel.  
1.4.3 This test method reflects international requirements, U.S. Government regulations...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Muster lists are intended to provide both an effective plan for assigning personnel stations and duties in the event of any forseeable emergency, as well as a quick visual reference that a crewmember can look at to find out where to go, what to bring, and what duties to perform in the event of an emergency and must be posted at all times.  
3.2 The station bill has been changed to muster list. The term station bill may be used optionally.  
3.3 Since no two classes of vessels or facilities are identical, muster lists must be tailored for individual vessels or facilities.  
3.4 Muster lists are intended to be posted in conspicuous locations throughout the vessel for the use of the crew.  
3.5 Posted muster lists shall be at least 600 mm by 750 mm (24 in. by 30 in.).  
3.6 Muster lists shall outline the special duties and duty stations for each member of the crew, including the chain of command, for the various emergencies.  
3.7 As far as possible, duties shall be comparable with the regular work of the individual.  
3.8 The muster list shall set forth the various signals to be used for the calling of the crew to their stations and for giving instructions to them while at their stations as outlined in Section 4.  
3.9 The muster list shall illustrate the purpose of controls.  
3.10 The muster list shall illustrate the procedure for operating the launching device.  
3.11 The muster list shall give relevant instructions or warnings.  
3.12 The muster list should be able to be seen easily under emergency lighting conditions.  
3.13 The muster list must also display the symbols in accordance with IMO Resolution A.760(18).  
3.14 The final muster list should be as simple as possible; and an accurate and up-to-date muster list should be maintained.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth the elements to be included in an emergency muster list, including emergency signals, and its location on a vessel or facility. This practice also includes emergency instructions for passengers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cast sound-signalling bells, together with bulkhead mounting plates for the smaller bells, for use on ships, boats, and other marine craft, for compliance with the rules in the convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. Bell bodies, clappers, and other cast fittings and parts shall be copper alloy. Fittings such as bolts, nuts, washers, pins, and supporting lugs shall be of copper alloy compatible with the bell castings. Bells shall have full, clear, round, and farreaching tones. The sound pressure level shall not be less than 110 dB at a distance of 1 m from it. Acoustic tests shall be conducted only for the 200 mm heavy and larger bells to check the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cast sound-signalling bells, together with bulkhead mounting plates for the smaller bells, for use on ships, boats, and other marine craft, for compliance with the rules in the convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (commonly called Colregs).2 See Appendix X1.  
1.2 Bells and bulkhead mounting plate shall be sized as indicated in Section 4 (see Appendix X2).  
1.3 For consistency with International Regulations, all measurements are in SI units.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability.  
4.2 Principles of Human Behavior:  
4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person’s physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel.  
4.2.2 These principles include:
4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original.
4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner.
4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users’ cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased.
4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.  
1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipment on the other.  
1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.  
1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.  
1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
Section
and
Subsections  
Title  
1  
Scope  
2  
Referenced Documents  
3  
Terminology  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Controls  
5.1  
Principles of Control Design  
5.2  
General Design Guidelines  
5.3  
Control Movement  
5.4  
Control Spacing  
5.5  
Coding of Controls  
5.6  
Control Use and Design  
6  
Displays  
6.1  
Visual Displays  
6.2  
Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays  
6.3  
Display Illumination  
6.4  
Display Types  
6.5  
Audible Displays  
7  
Alarm...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The objective of this guide is to provide near-miss reporting guidance for maritime vessels to promote standardization of near-miss reporting which will allow for better use of the data industrywide.  
3.2 Importance of Near-Miss Reporting:  
3.2.1 Most accidents/incidents are preceded by a chain of events, circumstances, acts, or conditions. If any of these events, circumstances, acts, or conditions had transpired another way, at another time, or had been corrected, the accident/incident may have been avoided. Reporting near-misses can play an important role in learning from mistakes, preventing accidents, and suffering from their serious consequences.  
3.3 Near-miss reporting can provide information that can be used to improve most any safety system, often complementing other safety system components such as accident/incident investigations, hazard analyses, safety reporting, prioritizing, root cause analysis, solution identification, communication, identifying corrective actions, sharing lessons learned, leading safety indicator analyses, and safety culture enhancement. In addition, in terms of human life and property damage, near-misses are very low cost learning tools for training, prevention of re-occurrence, and a new data source on what may work to break the chain of events before an accident occurs. Finally, near-misses may provide key data that can prevent low probability-high consequence accidents by providing safer alternatives.  
3.4 Barriers to Near-Miss Reporting:  
3.4.1 It is generally agreed that effective near-miss reporting can reduce hazardous conditions and situations in the workplace, resulting in a reduction in accidents, or at least provide an opportunity for hazard identification and abatement. However, there remain significant challenges and obstacles to implementing near-miss recording/reporting systems. The barriers to near-miss recording/reporting can be related to the employees and management as well as outside influences. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides near-miss reporting criteria and terminology for maritime vessels.  
1.2 The purpose of this near-miss reporting guide is to standardize near-miss reporting, including terminology, for the maritime industry.  
1.3 The criteria contained within this guide should be applied as a minimum to all near-miss reporting in the maritime industry unless otherwise specified.  
1.4 This guide is divided into the following sections and appendixes:    
Table of Contents  
Sections and Subsections  
Title  
1  
Scope  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
Near-Miss Standardization  
5  
Procedure  
6  
Keywords  
Appendix X1  
Probability, Severity, and Risk Assessment  
Appendix X2  
Sample Near-Miss Reporting Form  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers methods of testing, rating, and installation of internal combustion engine packages used in hazardous areas in marine applications. The purpose of this practice is to thermally rate engine packages, and provide additional installation recommendations to reduce the risk of igniting ignitable mixtures that may be present near the hazardous areas of marine vessels. In this specification, only a marine engine suitable for the service, designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of 3.2.1, is considered. Thermal rating of the engine is determined by the actual readings of engine and exhausts system temperatures within hazardous areas, as defined by the requirements and references in Practices 2.2 and 2.3 or as designated by the authority.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method of testing, rating and installation of internal combustion engine packages for use in hazardous areas in marine applications. The thermal rating of the engine is determined by the actual readings of engine and exhaust system temperatures within hazardous areas, as defined by references in Section 2 of this practice, or as designated by the authority having jurisdiction, or both. The goal of this practice is to thermally rate engine packages, and provide additional installation recommendations, in order to reduce the risk of igniting the ignitable mixtures that may be present within the hazardous areas of marine vessels.  
1.2 Only a marine engine suitable for the service, designed and constructed in conformance with the requirements of 3.1.2, is considered.  
1.3 The system of units in this practice shall be SI (metric) form, along with the standard (English) system equivalent placed in parentheses, for example, 20 °C (68 °F).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 General:  
3.1.1 All testing shall define fender performance under velocities that decrease linearly or that are proportional to the square root of percent of remaining rated energy.  
3.1.2 Rated performance data (RPD) and manufacturers' published performance curves or tables, or both, shall be based on: (1) initial deflection (berthing) velocity of 0.15 m/s and decreasing to no more than 0.005 m/s at test end, (2) testing of fully broken-in fenders (break-in testing is not required for pneumatic fenders), (3) testing of fenders stabilized at 23 ± 5°C (excluding pneumatic fenders; see 6.3), (4) testing of fenders at 0° angle of approach, and (5) deflection (berthing) frequency of not less than 1 h (use a minimum 5-min deflection frequency for pneumatic fenders.).  
3.1.3 Catalogues shall also include nominal performance tolerances as well as data and methodology to adjust performance curves or tables or both for application parameters different from RPD conditions. Adjustment factors shall be provided for the following variables: (1) other initial velocities: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m/s; (2) other temperatures: +50, +40, +30, +10, 0, −10, −20, −30; and (3) other contact angles: 3, 5, 8, 10, 15°. In addition, RPD shall contain a cautionary statement that published data do not necessarily apply to constant-load and cyclic-loading conditions. In such cases, designers are to contact fender manufacturers for design assistance.  
3.1.4 Adjustment factors for velocity and temperature shall be provided for every catalogue compound or other energy absorbing material offered by each manufacturer.  
3.2 Fender Testing—Performance testing to establish RPD must use either one of two methods:  
3.2.1 Method A—Deflection of full-size fenders at velocities inversely proportional to the percent of rated deflection or directly proportional to the square root of percent of remaining rated energy. Test parameters shall be as defined for published RPD. RPD tests sha...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the recommended procedures for quantitative testing, reporting, and verifying the energy absorption and reaction force of marine fenders. Marine fenders are available in a variety of basic types with several variations of each type and multiple sizes and stiffnesses for each variation. Depending on the particular design, marine fenders may also include integral components of steel, composites, plastics, or other materials. All variations shall be performance tested and reported according to this test method.  
1.2 There are three performance variables: berthing energy, reaction, and deflection. There are two methods used to develop rated performance data (RPD) and published performance curves for the three performance variables.  
1.3 The primary focus is on fenders used in berthside and ship-to-ship applications for marine vessels. This testing protocol does not address small fendering “bumpers” used in pleasure boat marinas, mounted to hulls of work boats, or used in similar applications; it does not include durability testing. Its primary purpose is to ensure that engineering data reported in manufacturers' catalogues are based upon common testing methods.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (T...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers swaged welded, cast, or forged turnbuckles with and without jam nuts. A turnbuckle is an internally threaded loop or sleeve intended for assembly with a threaded stud, eye, hook, or jaw at each end, used for applying tension to rods, wire rope, and so forth. Turnbuckles shall be of the following types and grades: Type I (forged, spread, resistance welded and arc or gas welded); Type II; and Type III. Turnbuckles shall be of the following classes; Class A; Class B; Class C; Class D; Class E; Class F; Class G; and Class H. The following tests shall be performed: proof test; breaking strength test; bending test; and galvanizing test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers swaged welded, cast, or forged turnbuckles with and without jam nuts.  
1.2 A turnbuckle is an internally threaded loop or sleeve intended for assembly with a threaded stud, eye, hook, or jaw at each end, used for applying tension to rods, wire rope, and so forth.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Intended Use—Compliance with this practice provides the procuring organization with assurance that human users will be efficient, effective, and safe in the operation and maintenance of marine systems, equipment, and facilities. Specifically, it is intended to ensure the following:  
6.1.1 System performance requirements are achieved reliably by appropriate use and accommodation of the human component of the system.  
6.1.2 Usable design of equipment, software, and environment permits the human-equipment/software combination to meet system performance goals.  
6.1.3 System features, processes, and procedures do not constitute hazards to humans.  
6.1.4 Trade-offs between automated and manual operations results in effective human performance and appropriate cost control.  
6.1.5 Manpower, personnel, and training requirements are met.  
6.1.6 Selected HSI design standards are applied that are adequate and appropriate technically.  
6.1.7 Systems and equipments are designed to facilitate required maintenance.  
6.1.8 Procedures for operating and maintaining equipment are efficient, reliable, approved for maritime use, and safe.  
6.1.9 Potential error-inducing equipment design features are eliminated, or at least, minimized, and systems are designed to be error-tolerant.  
6.1.10 Layouts and arrangements of equipment afford efficient traffic patterns, communications, and use.  
6.1.11 Habitability facilities and working spaces meet environmental control and physical environment requirements to provide the level of comfort and quality of life for the crew that is conducive to maintaining optimum personnel performance and endurance.  
6.1.12 Hazards to human health are minimized.  
6.1.13 Personnel survivability is maximized.  
6.2 Scope and Nature of Work—HSI includes, but is not limited to, active participation throughout all phases in the life cycle of a marine system, including requirements definition, design, development, production, operations and...
SCOPE
1.1 Objectives—This practice establishes and defines the processes and associated requirements for incorporating Human Systems Integration (HSI) into all phases of government and commercial ship, offshore structure, and marine system and equipment (hereafter referred to as marine system) acquisition life cycle. HSI must be integrated fully with the engineering processes applied to the design, acquisition, and operations of marine systems. This application includes the following:  
1.1.1 Ships and offshore structures.  
1.1.2 Marine systems, machinery, and equipment developed to be deployed on a ship or offshore structure where their design, once integrated into the ship or offshore structure, will potentially impact human performance, safety and health hazards, survivability, morale, quality of life, and fitness for duty.  
1.1.3 Integration of marine systems and equipment into ships and offshore structures including arrangements, facility layout, installations, communications, and data links.  
1.1.4 Modernization and retrofitting ships and offshore structures.  
1.2 Target Audience—The intended audience for this document consists of individuals with HSI training and experience representing the procuring activity, contractor or vendor personnel with HSI experience, and engineers and management personnel familiar with HSI methods, processes, and objectives. See 5.2.3 for guidance on qualifications of HSI specialists.  
1.3 Contents—This document is divided into the following sections and subsections.    
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
Section
and
Subsection  
Title  
1  
Scope  
1.1  
Objectives  
1.2  
Target Audience  
1.3  
Contents  
2  
Human Systems Integration  
2.1  
Definition of Human Systems Integration  
2.2  
HSI Integration Process  
2.3  
HSI Program Requirements  
3  
Referenced Documents  
3.1  
Introduction  
3.2  
ASTM Standards  
3.3  
Commercial Standards and Do...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers dry air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying and bonding refractory brick in ship boiler furnaces and wet air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying refractory brick in stationary boiler furnaces, bright annealing furnaces, controlled atmosphere furnaces, and furnaces heated by electric elements. The refractory mortar shall be of the following types: Type 1 and Type 2. The mortar shall be composed of finely ground heat-resistant clays, minerals, or a mixture of clays and minerals in either a dry or wet condition. Fineness test, heat soak, and bonding strength test shall be performed to conform with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers dry air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying and bonding refractory brick in ship boiler furnaces and wet air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying refractory brick in stationary boiler furnaces, bright annealing furnaces, controlled atmosphere furnaces, and furnaces heated by electric elements.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification describes the manufacturing requirements for spray shield stock and the fabrication and installation requirements for spray shields made from that stock. The physical and mechanical properties for the aluminized glass cloth, thread, and protective outer jacket shall be as specified. If lacing hooks or rings are of the type that fastens by stitching, the hooks or rings shall be attached to the backup washers using a wire stitch machine and wire. The methods for testing the aluminized glass cloth, thread, and protective outer jacket shall be as specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes the manufacturing requirements for spray shield stock and the fabrication and installation requirements for spray shields made from that stock.  
1.1.1 Sections 2 – 14 address the manufacturing requirements for the spray shield stock. Annex A1 addresses the fabrication and installation requirements for the spray shields.  
1.1.2 Fig. 1 shows the typical construction of a spray shield. Figs. 2-6 show methods of installation of a spray shield on various mechanical joints.
FIG. 1 Spray Shield Construction (Typical)  
FIG. 2 Installation of Butterfly Valve Shield  
FIG. 3 Spray Shield for Pump Inlet Head  
FIG. 4 Spray Shield for Simplex Strainer  
FIG. 5 Spray Shield for Butterfly Valve  
FIG. 6 Spray Shield for Valve Bonnet  
1.2 The shields are intended for use around mechanical joints (flanged, bolted unions, and so forth) in liquid piping systems with an internal pressure exceeding 26.1 psi (0.18 N/mm2) to prevent the impingement of flammable liquid on hot surfaces or fluids onto electrical switchboards and components resulting from a leak in the mechanical joint, unless otherwise invoked by contractual requirements. Spray Shields are excluded on all suction lines with a head pressure less than 26.1 psi (0.18 N/mm2) and mechanical joints in non-flammable liquid systems in excess of 10 ft of an electrical switchboard, unless otherwise invoked by contractual requirements.2  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 ISM Code Requirement—In 1989, IMO adopted guidelines on management for the safe operation of ships and pollution prevention that is now the International Safety Management (ISM) Code that was made mandatory for ships trading on international waters through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS). In 1995, the IMO Assembly adopted the guidelines on implementation of the ISM Code by administrations by Resolution A.788(19). These guidelines were revised and adopted as Resolution A.913(22) in 2001. The guidelines were further revised and adopted as Resolution A.1022(26) in 2009 and entered into force on 1 July 2010.  
5.1.1 ISM Code Purpose—The ISM Code is designed to improve the safety of international shipping and reduce pollution by encouraging self-regulation and oversight for identifying safety issues, taking corrective action, and promoting overall organization safety culture. The ISM Code establishes an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for the implementation of a SMS operating internationally.  
5.1.2 ISM Code Intent—The intent of the ISM Code is to support and encourage the development of a safety culture in shipping by moving away from a culture of “unthinking” compliance with external rules toward a culture of “thinking” self-regulation of safety and the development of a “safety culture” that identifies safety issues and concerns and promotes proactive corrective actions. The safety culture involves moving to a culture of self-regulation with every individual from the top to the bottom empowered to ownership, responsibility, and action for improving and addressing safety.  
5.2 Additional Applications—In addition to the ISM Code requirements, Flag States, industry organizations, and companies have initiated mandatory and nonmandatory SMS. All of these systems are being instituted to improve operational safety, identify safety issues, promote implementation of corrective actions, ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is designed to provide the maritime industry guidance, information, and options for incorporating cyber elements into safety management systems (SMS) in accordance with the International Safety Management (ISM) Code and other national (United States) and international requirements.  
1.2 This guide will support U.S. maritime operating companies but is a guide only and does not recommend a specific course of action. However, this guide is to be used to improve cyber safety, address vulnerability, recommend and outline training, and raise knowledge and awareness of cyber threats by leveraging documented, auditable SMS mechanisms.  
1.3 The purpose of this guide is to offer guidance, information, and options based on a consensus of opinions but not to establish a standard practice. Each organization shall evaluate their SMS, their information management systems at sea and ashore, and the level of cyber risk that exists within the organization to determine the best methods of compliance with the cybersecurity requirements of the ISM Code or other legal or self-imposed requirements or both.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the shape, size, spacing, and shading requirements of letters and numerals used in shipboard markings. Covered by this specification are five types of characters: plain letters and numerals (Type 1), block letters and numerals having the same width (Type 2), Type 2 characters with shading (Type 3), block letters and numerals of different widths (Type 4), and Type 4 characters with shading (Type 5). The characters shall be designed using the grid method, which will allow one to change the character size proportionately as required. Not covered in this specification are the location and size of various shipboard markings using letters and numerals.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification specifies shape, size, spacing, and shading of letters and numerals to be used aboard ship.  
1.2 Characters are of Five Types:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Plain letters and numerals (16 units).  
1.2.2 Type 2—Block letters and numerals (12 units).  
1.2.3 Type 3—Type 2 characters with shading (shading—1 unit).  
1.2.4 Type 4—Block letters (10 units) and numerals (12 units).  
1.2.5 Type 5—Type 4 characters with shading (shading—1 unit).  
1.3 This specification does not give location or size of various shipboard markings incorporating letters and numerals.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide does not set specific performance or technical criteria, but recommends that companies set policies and objectives and develop procedures for managing their health and safety program. Companies should consider their unique organization, culture, and hazards on their vessels and the possible effects of their operations. The elements are intentionally flexible and may be tailored to address any size of operation or any vessel type. Note that although the standard is aimed at the shipboard occupational health and safety program, some of the elements address activities and commitments that must be completed or made by shore side personnel (for example, executive management commitment and provision of adequate resources). Key to the effectiveness of the program is the implementation of each element within an interconnected system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the basic elements of a Shipboard Occupational Health and Safety Program (SOHSP). These elements are applicable to all vessel types including but not limited to tank vessels, dry bulk carriers, passenger vessels, roll-on roll-off vessels, ore bulk oilers, offshore supply vessels, tugboats, towboats, and barges. The elements described are fundamental pieces of a systematic occupational safety and health program and may be used by company line managers, health and safety personnel or consultants who are implementing, improving, or auditing the effectiveness of a shipboard health and safety program.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides best practices for reporting of maritime injuries and illnesses and those included in 46 CFR 4.03-1.  
5.2 Each maritime organization should record and report each marine casualty or accident in a manner that meets or exceeds regulations set forth by 46 CFR 4.03-1 and the Department of Homeland Security, USCG Report of Marine Casualty (CG-2692).  
5.2.1 46 CFR 4.03-1 Regulatory Text Definition for Marine Casualty or Accident:  
5.2.1.1 Any casualty or accident involving any vessel other than a public vessel that:  
(1) Occurs upon the navigable waters of the United States, its territories, or possessions;
(2) Involves any U.S. vessel wherever such casualty or accident occurs; or
(3) With respect to a foreign tank vessel operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, including the EEZ, involves significant harm to the environment or material damage affecting the seaworthiness or efficiency of the vessel; and
(4) The term “marine casualty or accident” applies to events caused by or involving a vessel and includes, but is not limited to, the following:
(a) Any fall overboard, injury, or loss of life of any person and
(b) Any occurrence involving a vessel that results in grounding, stranding, foundering, flooding, collision, allision, explosion, fire, reduction or loss of a vessel’s electrical power, propulsion, or steering capabilities, failures, or occurrences, regardless of cause, that impair any aspect of a vessel’s operation, components, or cargo, any other circumstance that might affect or impair a vessel’s seaworthiness, efficiency, or fitness for service or route, or any incident involving significant harm to the environment.  
5.2.2 Marine Casualty or Accident—Some incidents defined as a “marine casualty or accident” per 46 CFR 4.03-1 will not meet the criteria in 46 CFR 4.05-1(a) requiring initial reporting and CG-2692 submissions to the USCG. However, owners, agents, masters, operators, or persons ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides injury and illness reporting criteria and terminology for maritime vessels and meets or exceeds U.S. Coast Guard casualty reporting requirements.  
1.2 The focus of these injury and illness reporting criteria is to standardize recording and reporting, including terminology, for the maritime industry.  
1.3 The criteria contained within this guide should be applied as minimum criteria to all injury and illness recording and reporting in the maritime industry unless otherwise specified.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability.  
4.2 Principles of Human Behavior:  
4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person’s physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel.  
4.2.2 These principles include:
4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original.
4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner.
4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users’ cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased.
4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.  
1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipment on the other.  
1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.  
1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.  
1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
Section
and
Subsections  
Title  
1  
Scope  
2  
Referenced Documents  
3  
Terminology  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Controls  
5.1  
Principles of Control Design  
5.2  
General Design Guidelines  
5.3  
Control Movement  
5.4  
Control Spacing  
5.5  
Coding of Controls  
5.6  
Control Use and Design  
6  
Displays  
6.1  
Visual Displays  
6.2  
Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays  
6.3  
Display Illumination  
6.4  
Display Types  
6.5  
Audible Displays  
7  
Alarm...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability.  
4.2 Principles of Human Behavior:  
4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person’s physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel.  
4.2.2 These principles include:
4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original.
4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner.
4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users’ cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased.
4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.  
1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipment on the other.  
1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.  
1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.  
1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
Section
and
Subsections  
Title  
1  
Scope  
2  
Referenced Documents  
3  
Terminology  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Controls  
5.1  
Principles of Control Design  
5.2  
General Design Guidelines  
5.3  
Control Movement  
5.4  
Control Spacing  
5.5  
Coding of Controls  
5.6  
Control Use and Design  
6  
Displays  
6.1  
Visual Displays  
6.2  
Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays  
6.3  
Display Illumination  
6.4  
Display Types  
6.5  
Audible Displays  
7  
Alarm...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers thermal insulating bricks made from fire clay that are used as backup insulation for refractory furnace linings of boiler furnaces. The bricks shall be composed of heat-resistant materials that have been burned or fired to produce the desired density, strength, and structure. Representative bricks shall be tested, and shall conform accordingly to specified values of bulk density, modulus of rupture, and reheat change.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers two types of thermal insulating brick for industrial or marine boiler furnaces. Type I is a special, 2500°F (1371°C) maximum service temperature, insulating firebrick that is used as backup insulation for refractory furnace linings.2 Type II is a standard insulating brick that, in general, is used where there may be direct contact with combustion gases, such as forge and stress relieving furnaces.3  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for sacrificial anodes of zinc alloy in the form of slabs, plates, discs, and rods for corrosion protection (cathodic protection) of metals and alloys. These anodes are primarily intended to reduce corrosion of surface ship and submarine hulls, steel and aluminum equipment and structures, sea chests, sonar domes, and the seawater side of condensers and other heat exchangers. The anodes are available either as cast-in cores (Class 1) or plain with no cores (Class 2). Class 1 anodes shall be of the following types: Type ZHS—hull slabs with steel straps; Type ZHB—hull slabs with brass straps; Type ZHC—hull slabs with core straps; Type ZSS—submarine slabs with steel straps; Type ZTS—teardrop shapes with steel straps; Type ZEP—heat exchanger or fair water discs (pipe core or pipe bushing core) that are in the form of square slabs (Style A), circular slabs (Style B), and semicircular slabs (Style C); Type ZBP—bars with pipe cores; and Type ZDM—segmented discs with machine formed interlocking cores. Conversely, Class 2 anodes shall be of the following types: Type ZRN—extruded, drawn or rolled rods; and Type ZPN—rolled plates. Anodes shall conform to material and manufacture, chemical composition, mechanical property, and dimensional requirements specified uniquely for each type.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for zinc anodes in the form of slabs, plates, discs, and rods for corrosion protection (cathodic protection) of metals and alloys.  
1.2 The anodes are primarily intended to reduce corrosion of surface ship and submarine hulls, steel and aluminum equipment and structures, sea chests, sonar domes, and the seawater side of condensers and other heat exchangers.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Muster lists are intended to provide both an effective plan for assigning personnel stations and duties in the event of any forseeable emergency, as well as a quick visual reference that a crewmember can look at to find out where to go, what to bring, and what duties to perform in the event of an emergency and must be posted at all times.  
3.2 The station bill has been changed to muster list. The term station bill may be used optionally.  
3.3 Since no two classes of vessels or facilities are identical, muster lists must be tailored for individual vessels or facilities.  
3.4 Muster lists are intended to be posted in conspicuous locations throughout the vessel for the use of the crew.  
3.5 Posted muster lists shall be at least 600 by 750 mm (24 by 30 in.).  
3.6 Muster lists shall outline the special duties and duty stations for each member of the crew, including the chain of command, for the various emergencies.  
3.7 As far as possible, duties shall be comparable with the regular work of the individual.  
3.8 The muster list shall set forth the various signals to be used for the calling of the crew to their stations and for giving instructions to them while at their stations as outlined in Section 4.  
3.9 The muster list shall illustrate the purpose of controls.  
3.10 The muster list shall illustrate the procedure for operating the launching device.  
3.11 The muster list shall give relevant instructions or warnings.  
3.12 The muster list should be able to be seen easily under emergency lighting conditions.  
3.13 The muster list must also display the symbols in accordance with IMO Resolution A.760(18).  
3.14 The final muster list should be as simple as possible; and an accurate and up-to-date muster list should be maintained.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth the elements to be included in an emergency muster list, including emergency signals, and its location on a vessel or facility. This practice also includes emergency instructions for passengers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for pneumatic rotary descaling machines for removal of paint, rust, scale, nonskid deck covering and other coatings from steel and aluminum structures. These portable machines are intended for use in a marine environment, subject to salt air and spray during use and high humidity during storage. De scaling machines are available in two types and two classes, as follows: Type 1 which is the hand-held and Type 2 which is the deck-supported type. Both types have two classes which are Class A in inch-pound design and Class B in SI metric design. Hubs for use with descaling machines are also available in four classes: Class A is a hub that is non-metallic, nonwoven and non-contaminating, Class B is a peening hub for aluminum surfaces, Class C is a hub of metallic hammer type used for steel surfaces and Class D is a hub of metallic cutter type use for steel surfaces. A service life test shall be conducted on an uncoated steel test plate and each hub shall be subjected to a performance test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for pneumatic rotary descaling machines for removal of paint, rust, scale, nonskid deck covering, and other coatings from steel and aluminum structures. These portable machines are intended for use in a marine environment, subject to salt air and spray during use and high humidity during storage.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.3 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only, Section 12, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 17.2.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is applicable to fixed foam firefighting systems, including foam generation equipment, foam distribution system piping and valves, sprinkler arrangement and operation, hose reel unit operation, and system controls, as those components are included in the system for a particular application.  
4.1.1 Foam systems for machinery spaces are tested using those portions of this test method which apply to the installed components. Suitable adaptation of this test method is made for use with systems which do not include all hardware components described herein.  
4.1.2 Deck foam systems are tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s design criteria.  
4.2 This test method demonstrates: satisfactory installation of an entire fixed foam/sprinkling system and its associated controls; and effective operation of portions of the foam distribution system and foam maker sprinkling nozzles for selected zones.  
4.2.1 This test method verifies application rates and areas of coverage for each type of discharge device of the fixed foam firefighting system.  
4.2.2 The satisfactory operation of the system in the selected zones is a measure of overall system capacity and anticipated operation for emergency use. The test, however, may not be representative of all emergency operating conditions that may vary with changes in the number of zones that are activated simultaneously, the material condition of the distribution and sprinkling components as they are maintained over time, and restoration of the system following its use for testing or actual emergencies.  
4.3 Test procedures shall be prepared for the conduct of tests of foam firefighting systems in specific vessels. Those procedures shall be tailored to the system design for the system as installed and operated in each vessel.  
4.3.1 Tests accomplished in accordance with approved test procedures may be sufficient to demonstrate that the vessel meets the regulatory and classification requirements for the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers shipboard, fixed (installed) foam/sprinkling firefighting systems.  
1.2 Satisfactory completion of these tests indicates functional performance of the fixed foam firefighting system and may be used to demonstrate the system installation’s compliance with the design characteristics of the system.  
1.3 Tests made in conformity with this test method are intended to demonstrate the installation and operation of an installed, fixed foam firefighting system. As it includes regulatory requirements, this standard addresses those vessels subject to regulations and ship classification rules. However, the methods stated herein are suitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft, military vessels, and similar vessels that are not required to meet regulations for firefighting systems.  
1.4 Limitations:  
1.4.1 International requirements, national regulations, and ship classification rules must be consulted. The following regulatory requirements and classification society rules were considered in the preparation of this test method:
1.4.1.1 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 SOLAS Convention, 1978 SOLAS Protocol, and the 1981 and 1983 SOLAS Amendments, II-2/8, “Fixed low-expansion foam extinguishing systems in machinery spaces,”
1.4.1.2 U.S. Government regulations included in 46 CFR 76, 46 CFR 95, and 46 CFR 108 as those regulations are written and enforced by the United States Cost Guard, and
1.4.1.3 The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels. However, the owner will designate the specific classification society which is to be used to classify a particular vessel.  
1.4.2 The requirements, regulations, and rules for a specific design must be selected by the owner based on the planned operating profile for the vessel.  
1.4.3 This test method reflects international requirements, U.S. Government regulations...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cast sound-signalling bells, together with bulkhead mounting plates for the smaller bells, for use on ships, boats, and other marine craft, for compliance with the rules in the convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. Bell bodies, clappers, and other cast fittings and parts shall be copper alloy. Fittings such as bolts, nuts, washers, pins, and supporting lugs shall be of copper alloy compatible with the bell castings. Bells shall have full, clear, round, and farreaching tones. The sound pressure level shall not be less than 110 dB at a distance of 1 m from it. Acoustic tests shall be conducted only for the 200 mm heavy and larger bells to check the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cast sound-signalling bells, together with bulkhead mounting plates for the smaller bells, for use on ships, boats, and other marine craft, for compliance with the rules in the convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (commonly called Colregs).2 See Appendix X1.  
1.2 Bells and bulkhead mounting plate shall be sized as indicated in Section 4 (see Appendix X2).  
1.3 For consistency with International Regulations, all measurements are in SI units.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the design, manufacture, and testing of fire hose nozzles intended for use with sea water or fresh water either in straight stream or adjustable spray patterns. Marine fire hose nozzles may be classified into four general construction types, as follows: Type I; Type II; Type III; and Type IV. Nozzle types may be subdivided into three general classes, as follows: Class I; Class II; and Class III. Classes may be subdivided into two general sizes. Tensile strength, ultimate elongation, tensile set test, compression set test, accelerated aging test, aging exposure, ultraviolet light-water exposure, discharge calibration test, flow pattern test, flushing test, control tests, corrosion exposure, high temperature test, low temperature test, rough usage test, leakage test, hydrostatic pressure test, operator protection test, and horizontal distance shall be performed to conform with specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the design, manufacture, and testing of fire hose nozzles intended for use with sea water or fresh water either in straight stream or adjustable spray patterns.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The symbols depicted represent the following:  
3.1.1 Equipment required during evacuation or rescue,  
3.1.2 Location of muster stations in preparation for evacuation or rescue, or  
3.1.3 The sequence of events for operation of survival craft.  
3.2 Where station numbers are used with another symbol, they should be abutted to the right hand side of the other symbol.  
3.3 Arrows may be used with any other symbol and, where feasible, should point in the direction of the equipment or station by being abutted to the symbol on the edge toward which the arrow is pointing.  
3.4 Symbols that indicate station or equipment location should be in white on a green background (see Figs. 1 and 2).    
3.5 Symbols that specify the operating sequence of survival craft should be in white on a blue background (see Fig. 3).    
3.6 Symbols used as legends in station bills, lifesaving equipment arrangement plans or drawings, or other posters, need not meet the dimensions specified in 3.7.  
3.7 Symbols used as markers to indicate the location of stations or equipment should be sized in accordance with 3.7.1 or 3.7.2.  
3.7.1 Station number symbol dimensions should be a minimum of 150 mm in height by 75 mm in width (6 by 3 in.).  
3.7.1.1 Station number symbol dimensions of 600 by 300 mm (24 by 12 in.) should be used for greater prominence with the larger muster station symbol specified in 3.7.2.1.  
3.7.2 Other symbol dimensions should be a minimum of 150 by 150 mm (6 by 6 in.), except:
3.7.2.1 A muster station symbol with dimensions of 600 by 600 mm (24 by 24 in.) may be used in conjunction with the larger station number symbol specified in 3.7.1.1.  
3.8 Symbols depicted in Figs. 1 and 2 should represent the survival craft that is actually provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers those symbols to be used to identify the location and operation of lifesaving equipment related to evacuation of personnel in the marine environment.  
1.2 The symbols depicted should be used whenever graphic representation could assist personnel in locating their emergency stations and equipment and in the operation of such equipment.  
1.3 Posters or signs depicting these symbols should be placed in conspicuous locations in the vicinity of survival craft, their launching controls, or other lifesaving equipment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers manually operated fueling hose reels for use with collapsible and noncollapsible hose. Fueling hose reels shall be of one of the following types as specified: type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4. The hose reel shall be of a durable, rigid construction, as light in weight and compact as practicable. The reel drum may have either smoothly formed flat sides or suitable spoke ribs, so formed as not to damage the hose. Reels shall be provided with a holding brake to lock the reel in any position. The reel shall be fitted with a device for clamping the hose nozzle securely to the reel to prevent unwinding of the hose and damage to the nozzle. The reel hub discharge shall be angled to provide a smooth tangential contact of the hose with the reel drum. The reel shall have an aromatic fuels tight rotating joint between reel inlet connection and the rotating hub on the reel drum. The reel inlet connection shall be flanged, the flange being part of the rotating swivel joint. Hydrostatic tset and operating test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers manually operated fueling hose reels for use with collapsible and noncollapsible hose.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 12 of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers gongs for use on ships of certain length, as required by International Regulations. The gong cylinder, brackets, clapper rod, "U" bracket, washers, and clapper support pin shall be made of stainless steel. The clapper mass shall be made of cast alloy steel. In addition, the support bolt, nut, flat washer, and cotter pins shall be made of stainless steel compatible with the other materials. The general arrangement of the assembled gong, as well as details of the gong cylinder, brackets, clapper, and miscellaneous fittings are presented. The sound characteristics of these gongs shall be determined by an acoustic test. These gongs shall be free from cracks, burrs, sharp cutting edges, and other defects affecting their life, appearance, and serviceability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers gongs for use on ships 100 m or more in length, as required by International Regulations (see Appendix X1).  
1.2 For consistency with International Regulations, all measurements are in SI units.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the materials, dimensions, and assembly of steel and aluminum rat guards intended to prevent rats from boarding ships by way of mooring lines. Rat guards shall be classified into three types, namely: Type I, Type II, and Type III. Type I rat guards shall be made of the prescribed aluminum-alloy sheet metal; Type II rat guards shall be made of the prescribed galvanized sheet steel; and Type III rat guards shall be made of either of these specified materials. Types I and II rat guards shall be provided with the following: hinge bolt, guide and tie rope, and grommet. Type III rat guards shall consist of two half disks and two half tapered sleeves and the hinge bolt provided with each rat guard shall consist of a commercial hexagon head bolt, nut, and washer, all made of corrosion resistant steel. The dimensional requirements such as thickness of disk, sleeve, and guide for galvanized steel or aluminum sleeve of Type III rat guard are specified. Type I and Type II rat guard configurations and Type III rat guard assembly are detailed and illustrated.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the materials, dimensions, and assembly of steel and aluminum rat guards.  
1.2 Rat guards are intended to prevent rats from boarding ships by way of mooring lines.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 General:  
3.1.1 All testing shall define fender performance under velocities that decrease linearly or that are proportional to the square root of percent of remaining rated energy.  
3.1.2 Rated performance data (RPD) and manufacturers' published performance curves or tables, or both, shall be based on: (1) initial deflection (berthing) velocity of 0.15 m/s and decreasing to no more than 0.005 m/s at test end, (2) testing of fully broken-in fenders (break-in testing is not required for pneumatic fenders), (3) testing of fenders stabilized at 23 ± 5°C (excluding pneumatic fenders; see 6.3), (4) testing of fenders at 0° angle of approach, and (5) deflection (berthing) frequency of not less than 1 h (use a minimum 5-min deflection frequency for pneumatic fenders.).  
3.1.3 Catalogues shall also include nominal performance tolerances as well as data and methodology to adjust performance curves or tables or both for application parameters different from RPD conditions. Adjustment factors shall be provided for the following variables: (1) other initial velocities: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m/s; (2) other temperatures: +50, +40, +30, +10, 0, −10, −20, −30; and (3) other contact angles: 3, 5, 8, 10, 15°. In addition, RPD shall contain a cautionary statement that published data do not necessarily apply to constant-load and cyclic-loading conditions. In such cases, designers are to contact fender manufacturers for design assistance.  
3.1.4 Adjustment factors for velocity and temperature shall be provided for every catalogue compound or other energy absorbing material offered by each manufacturer.  
3.2 Fender Testing—Performance testing to establish RPD must use either one of two methods:  
3.2.1 Method A—Deflection of full-size fenders at velocities inversely proportional to the percent of rated deflection or directly proportional to the square root of percent of remaining rated energy. Test parameters shall be as defined for published RPD. RPD tests sha...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the recommended procedures for quantitative testing, reporting, and verifying the energy absorption and reaction force of marine fenders. Marine fenders are available in a variety of basic types with several variations of each type and multiple sizes and stiffnesses for each variation. Depending on the particular design, marine fenders may also include integral components of steel, composites, plastics, or other materials. All variations shall be performance tested and reported according to this test method.  
1.2 There are three performance variables: berthing energy, reaction, and deflection. There are two methods used to develop rated performance data (RPD) and published performance curves for the three performance variables.  
1.3 The primary focus is on fenders used in berthside and ship-to-ship applications for marine vessels. This testing protocol does not address small fendering “bumpers” used in pleasure boat marinas, mounted to hulls of work boats, or used in similar applications; it does not include durability testing. Its primary purpose is to ensure that engineering data reported in manufacturers' catalogues are based upon common testing methods.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (T...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers dry air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying and bonding refractory brick in ship boiler furnaces and wet air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying refractory brick in stationary boiler furnaces, bright annealing furnaces, controlled atmosphere furnaces, and furnaces heated by electric elements. The refractory mortar shall be of the following types: Type 1 and Type 2. The mortar shall be composed of finely ground heat-resistant clays, minerals, or a mixture of clays and minerals in either a dry or wet condition. Fineness test, heat soak, and bonding strength test shall be performed to conform with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers dry air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying and bonding refractory brick in ship boiler furnaces and wet air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying refractory brick in stationary boiler furnaces, bright annealing furnaces, controlled atmosphere furnaces, and furnaces heated by electric elements.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers swaged welded, cast, or forged turnbuckles with and without jam nuts. A turnbuckle is an internally threaded loop or sleeve intended for assembly with a threaded stud, eye, hook, or jaw at each end, used for applying tension to rods, wire rope, and so forth. Turnbuckles shall be of the following types and grades: Type I (forged, spread, resistance welded and arc or gas welded); Type II; and Type III. Turnbuckles shall be of the following classes; Class A; Class B; Class C; Class D; Class E; Class F; Class G; and Class H. The following tests shall be performed: proof test; breaking strength test; bending test; and galvanizing test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers swaged welded, cast, or forged turnbuckles with and without jam nuts.  
1.2 A turnbuckle is an internally threaded loop or sleeve intended for assembly with a threaded stud, eye, hook, or jaw at each end, used for applying tension to rods, wire rope, and so forth.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The objective of this guide is to provide near-miss reporting guidance for maritime vessels to promote standardization of near-miss reporting which will allow for better use of the data industrywide.  
3.2 Importance of Near-Miss Reporting:  
3.2.1 Most accidents/incidents are preceded by a chain of events, circumstances, acts, or conditions. If any of these events, circumstances, acts, or conditions had transpired another way, at another time, or had been corrected, the accident/incident may have been avoided. Reporting near-misses can play an important role in learning from mistakes, preventing accidents, and suffering from their serious consequences.  
3.3 Near-miss reporting can provide information that can be used to improve most any safety system, often complementing other safety system components such as accident/incident investigations, hazard analyses, safety reporting, prioritizing, root cause analysis, solution identification, communication, identifying corrective actions, sharing lessons learned, leading safety indicator analyses, and safety culture enhancement. In addition, in terms of human life and property damage, near-misses are very low cost learning tools for training, prevention of re-occurrence, and a new data source on what may work to break the chain of events before an accident occurs. Finally, near-misses may provide key data that can prevent low probability-high consequence accidents by providing safer alternatives.  
3.4 Barriers to Near-Miss Reporting:  
3.4.1 It is generally agreed that effective near-miss reporting can reduce hazardous conditions and situations in the workplace, resulting in a reduction in accidents, or at least provide an opportunity for hazard identification and abatement. However, there remain significant challenges and obstacles to implementing near-miss recording/reporting systems. The barriers to near-miss recording/reporting can be related to the employees and management as well as outside influences. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides near-miss reporting criteria and terminology for maritime vessels.  
1.2 The purpose of this near-miss reporting guide is to standardize near-miss reporting, including terminology, for the maritime industry.  
1.3 The criteria contained within this guide should be applied as a minimum to all near-miss reporting in the maritime industry unless otherwise specified.  
1.4 This guide is divided into the following sections and appendixes:    
Table of Contents  
Sections and Subsections  
Title  
1  
Scope  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
Near-Miss Standardization  
5  
Procedure  
6  
Keywords  
Appendix X1  
Probability, Severity, and Risk Assessment  
Appendix X2  
Sample Near-Miss Reporting Form  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers methods of testing, rating, and installation of internal combustion engine packages used in hazardous areas in marine applications. The purpose of this practice is to thermally rate engine packages, and provide additional installation recommendations to reduce the risk of igniting ignitable mixtures that may be present near the hazardous areas of marine vessels. In this specification, only a marine engine suitable for the service, designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of 3.2.1, is considered. Thermal rating of the engine is determined by the actual readings of engine and exhausts system temperatures within hazardous areas, as defined by the requirements and references in Practices 2.2 and 2.3 or as designated by the authority.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method of testing, rating and installation of internal combustion engine packages for use in hazardous areas in marine applications. The thermal rating of the engine is determined by the actual readings of engine and exhaust system temperatures within hazardous areas, as defined by references in 2.2 and 2.3of this practice, or as designated by the authority having jurisdiction, or both. The goal of this practice is to thermally rate engine packages, and provide additional installation recommendations, in order to reduce the risk of igniting the ignitable mixtures that may be present within the hazardous areas of marine vessels.  
1.2 Only a marine engine suitable for the service, designed and constructed in conformance with the requirements of 3.1.2, is considered.  
1.3 The system of units in this practice shall be SI (metric) form, along with the standard (English) system equivalent placed in parentheses, for example, 20°C (68°F).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide presents some methodologies to predict the forces required to bring a disabled ship under control within the available limits of the waterway, taking into account local influences of wind and sea conditions. Presented are methodologies to determine the control forces that an escort vessel can reasonably be expected to impose on a disabled ship, taking into account the design of the ship, transit speed, winds, currents, and sea conditions. In some instances, this guide presents formulae that can be used directly; in other instances, in which the interaction of various factors is more complicated, it presents analytic processes that can be used in developing computer simulations.  
4.2 Unlike the more traditional work of berthing assistance in sheltered harbors or pulling a “dead ship” on the end of a long towline, the escorting mission assumes that the disabled ship will be at transit speed at the time of failure, and that it could be in exposed waters subject to wind, current, and sea conditions.  
4.3 The navigational constraints of the channel or waterway might restrict the available maneuvering area within which the disabled ship must be brought under control before it runs aground or collides with fixed objects in the waterway (see allision).  
4.4 The escort mission requires escort vessel(s) that are capable of responding in timely fashion and that can safely apply substantial control forces to the disabled ship. This entails evaluation of the escort vessel's horsepower, steering and retarding forces at various speeds, maneuverability, stability, and outfitting (towing gear, fendering, and so forth). This guide can be used in developing escort plans for selecting suitable escort vessel(s) for specific ships in specific waterways.  
4.5 The methodologies and processes outlined in this guide are for performance-based analyses of escort scenarios. This means that the acceptability of a vessel (or combination of vessels) for escorting is based up...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation and selection of escort vessels that are to be used to escort ships transiting confined waters. The purpose of the escort vessel is to limit the uncontrolled movement of a ship disabled by loss of propulsion or steering to within the navigational constraints of the waterway. The various factors addressed in this guide also can be integrated into a plan for escorting a given ship in a given waterway. The selection of equipment also is addressed in this guide.  
1.2 This guide can be used in performance-based analyses to evaluate:  
1.2.1 The control requirement of a disabled ship,  
1.2.2 The performance capabilities of escort vessels,  
1.2.3 The navigational limits and fixed obstacles of a waterway,  
1.2.4 The ambient conditions (wind and sea) that will impact the escort response, and  
1.2.5 The maneuvering characteristics of combined disabled ship/escort vessel(s).  
1.3 This guide outlines how these various factors can be integrated to form an escort plan for a specific ship or a specific waterway. It also outlines training programs and the selection of equipment for escort-related activities.  
1.4 A flowchart of the overall process for developing and implementing an escort plan is shown in Fig. 1. The process begins with the collection of appropriate data, which are analyzed with respect to the performance criteria and in consultation with individuals having local specialized knowledge (such as pilots, waterway authorities, interest groups, or public/private organizations, and so forth). This yields escort vessel performance requirements for various transit speeds and conditions; these are embodied in the ship's escort plan. When the time comes to prepare for the actual transit, the plan is consulted in conjunction with forecast conditions and desired transit speed to select and dispatch the appropriate escort vessel (or combination of vessels). A pre-escort conference ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Intended Use—Compliance with this practice provides the procuring organization with assurance that human users will be efficient, effective, and safe in the operation and maintenance of marine systems, equipment, and facilities. Specifically, it is intended to ensure the following:  
6.1.1 System performance requirements are achieved reliably by appropriate use and accommodation of the human component of the system.  
6.1.2 Usable design of equipment, software, and environment permits the human-equipment/software combination to meet system performance goals.  
6.1.3 System features, processes, and procedures do not constitute hazards to humans.  
6.1.4 Trade-offs between automated and manual operations results in effective human performance and appropriate cost control.  
6.1.5 Manpower, personnel, and training requirements are met.  
6.1.6 Selected HSI design standards are applied that are adequate and appropriate technically.  
6.1.7 Systems and equipments are designed to facilitate required maintenance.  
6.1.8 Procedures for operating and maintaining equipment are efficient, reliable, approved for maritime use, and safe.  
6.1.9 Potential error-inducing equipment design features are eliminated, or at least, minimized, and systems are designed to be error-tolerant.  
6.1.10 Layouts and arrangements of equipment afford efficient traffic patterns, communications, and use.  
6.1.11 Habitability facilities and working spaces meet environmental control and physical environment requirements to provide the level of comfort and quality of life for the crew that is conducive to maintaining optimum personnel performance and endurance.  
6.1.12 Hazards to human health are minimized.  
6.1.13 Personnel survivability is maximized.  
6.2 Scope and Nature of Work—HSI includes, but is not limited to, active participation throughout all phases in the life cycle of a marine system, including requirements definition, design, development, production, operations and...
SCOPE
1.1 Objectives—This practice establishes and defines the processes and associated requirements for incorporating Human Systems Integration (HSI) into all phases of government and commercial ship, offshore structure, and marine system and equipment (hereafter referred to as marine system) acquisition life cycle. HSI must be integrated fully with the engineering processes applied to the design, acquisition, and operations of marine systems. This application includes the following:  
1.1.1 Ships and offshore structures.  
1.1.2 Marine systems, machinery, and equipment developed to be deployed on a ship or offshore structure where their design, once integrated into the ship or offshore structure, will potentially impact human performance, safety and health hazards, survivability, morale, quality of life, and fitness for duty.  
1.1.3 Integration of marine systems and equipment into ships and offshore structures including arrangements, facility layout, installations, communications, and data links.  
1.1.4 Modernization and retrofitting ships and offshore structures.  
1.2 Target Audience—The intended audience for this document consists of individuals with HSI training and experience representing the procuring activity, contractor or vendor personnel with HSI experience, and engineers and management personnel familiar with HSI methods, processes, and objectives. See 5.2.3 for guidance on qualifications of HSI specialists.  
1.3 Contents—This document is divided into the following sections and subsections.    
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
Section
and
Subsection  
Title  
1  
Scope  
1.1  
Objectives  
1.2  
Target Audience  
1.3  
Contents  
2  
Human Systems Integration  
2.1  
Definition of Human Systems Integration  
2.2  
HSI Integration Process  
2.3  
HSI Program Requirements  
3  
Referenced Documents  
3.1  
Introduction  
3.2  
ASTM Standards  
3.3  
Commercial Standards and Do...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the shape, size, spacing, and shading requirements of letters and numerals used in shipboard markings. Covered by this specification are five types of characters: plain letters and numerals (Type 1), block letters and numerals having the same width (Type 2), Type 2 characters with shading (Type 3), block letters and numerals of different widths (Type 4), and Type 4 characters with shading (Type 5). The characters shall be designed using the grid method, which will allow one to change the character size proportionately as required. Not covered in this specification are the location and size of various shipboard markings using letters and numerals.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification specifies shape, size, spacing, and shading of letters and numerals to be used aboard ship.  
1.2 Characters are of Five Types:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Plain letters and numerals (16 units).  
1.2.2 Type 2—Block letters and numerals (12 units).  
1.2.3 Type 3—Type 2 characters with shading (shading—1 unit).  
1.2.4 Type 4—Block letters (10 units) and numerals (12 units).  
1.2.5 Type 5—Type 4 characters with shading (shading—1 unit).  
1.3 This specification does not give location or size of various shipboard markings incorporating letters and numerals.

ABSTRACT
This specification describes the manufacturing requirements for spray shield stock and the fabrication and installation requirements for spray shields made from that stock. The physical and mechanical properties for the aluminized glass cloth, thread, and protective outer jacket shall be as specified. If lacing hooks or rings are of the type that fastens by stitching, the hooks or rings shall be attached to the backup washers using a wire stitch machine and wire. The methods for testing the aluminized glass cloth, thread, and protective outer jacket shall be as specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes the manufacturing requirements for spray shield stock and the fabrication and installation requirements for spray shields made from that stock.  
1.1.1 Sections 2 – 14 address the manufacturing requirements for the spray shield stock. Annex A1 addresses the fabrication and installation requirements for the spray shields.  
1.1.2 Fig. 1 shows the typical construction of a spray shield. Figs. 2-6 show methods of installation of a spray shield on various mechanical joints.  
1.2 The shields are intended for use around mechanical joints (flanged, bolted unions, and so forth) in liquid piping systems to prevent the impingement of flammable liquid on hot surfaces or fluids onto electrical switchboards and components resulting from a leak in the mechanical joint.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for pneumatic rotary descaling machines for removal of paint, rust, scale, nonskid deck covering and other coatings from steel and aluminum structures. These portable machines are intended for use in a marine environment, subject to salt air and spray during use and high humidity during storage. De scaling machines are available in two types and two classes, as follows: Type 1 which is the hand-held and Type 2 which is the deck-supported type. Both types have two classes which are Class A in inch-pound design and Class B in SI metric design. Hubs for use with descaling machines are also available in four classes: Class A is a hub that is non-metallic, nonwoven and non-contaminating, Class B is a peening hub for aluminum surfaces, Class C is a hub of metallic hammer type used for steel surfaces and Class D is a hub of metallic cutter type use for steel surfaces. A service life test shall be conducted on an uncoated steel test plate and each hub shall be subjected to a performance test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for pneumatic rotary descaling machines for removal of paint, rust, scale, nonskid deck covering, and other coatings from steel and aluminum structures. These portable machines are intended for use in a marine environment, subject to salt air and spray during use and high humidity during storage.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.3 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only, Section 12, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 17.2.1.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers thermal insulating bricks made from fire clay that are used as backup insulation for refractory furnace linings of boiler furnaces. The bricks shall be composed of heat-resistant materials that have been burned or fired to produce the desired density, strength, and structure. Representative bricks shall be tested, and shall conform accordingly to specified values of bulk density, modulus of rupture, and reheat change.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers one type of thermal insulating brick for use as backup insulation for refractory furnace linings of boiler furnaces.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units in parentheses are for information purposes only and may be approximate.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is important to know the amount of weight and its location before the ship is built to be sure that when it is built it will have positive stability. Only through detailed weight estimating in the design stage and during construction can one be ensured that positive stability will be achieved and retained.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommended weight control technical requirements for surface ships and discusses different types of weight estimates, reports, and weight control procedures. It contains a weight classification that will assist in achieving uniformity by standardizing the weight-reporting system.  
1.2 This guide is applicable to ships designed and constructed in inch-pound units of measurement and to ships designed and constructed in SI units of measurement. Whenever inch-pound units are shown or referred to in the text, or in example formats included in this guide, it is to be understood that corresponding SI units may be substituted if applicable to a ship designed and constructed in SI units, provided that whichever system is used, it is consistently used in all weight control reporting documentation for the ship.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for sacrificial anodes of zinc alloy in the form of slabs, plates, discs, and rods for corrosion protection (cathodic protection) of metals and alloys. These anodes are primarily intended to reduce corrosion of surface ship and submarine hulls, steel and aluminum equipment and structures, sea chests, sonar domes, and the seawater side of condensers and other heat exchangers. The anodes are available either as cast-in cores (Class 1) or plain with no cores (Class 2). Class 1 anodes shall be of the following types: Type ZHS—hull slabs with steel straps; Type ZHB—hull slabs with brass straps; Type ZHC—hull slabs with core straps; Type ZSS—submarine slabs with steel straps; Type ZTS—teardrop shapes with steel straps; Type ZEP—heat exchanger or fair water discs (pipe core or pipe bushing core) that are in the form of square slabs (Style A), circular slabs (Style B), and semicircular slabs (Style C); Type ZBP—bars with pipe cores; and Type ZDM—segmented discs with machine formed interlocking cores. Conversely, Class 2 anodes shall be of the following types: Type ZRN—extruded, drawn or rolled rods; and Type ZPN—rolled plates. Anodes shall conform to material and manufacture, chemical composition, mechanical property, and dimensional requirements specified uniquely for each type.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for zinc anodes in the form of slabs, plates, discs, and rods for corrosion protection (cathodic protection) of metals and alloys.  
1.2 The anodes are primarily intended to reduce corrosion of surface ship and submarine hulls, steel and aluminum equipment and structures, sea chests, sonar domes, and the seawater side of condensers and other heat exchangers.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The metric (SI) units, given in parentheses, are for information purposes only and may be approximate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.