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ASTM D97-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products

Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The pour point of a petroleum specimen is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended for use on any petroleum product. A procedure suitable for black specimens, cylinder stock, and nondistillate fuel oil is described in 8.8. The cloud point procedure formerly part of this test method now appears as Test Method D 2500.
1.2 Currently there is no ASTM test method for automated Test Method D 97 pour point measurements.
1.3 Several ASTM test methods offering alternative procedures for determining pour points using automatic apparatus are available. None of them share the same designation number as Test Method D 97. When an automatic instrument is used, the ASTM test method designation number specific to the technique shall be reported with the results. A procedure for testing the pour point of crude oils is described in Test Method D 5853.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Apr-2009
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D97-08 - Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D97-11 - Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM D5853-17a - Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D2225-20 - Standard Test Methods for Silicone Liquids Used for Electrical Insulation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D6448-16(2022) - Standard Specification for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D5372-20 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Heat Transfer Fluids
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D6351-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Temperature Fluidity and Appearance of Hydraulic Fluids
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4731-13(2020) - Standard Specification for Hot-Application Filling Compounds for Telecommunications Wire and Cable
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D6750-23 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—1K Procedure (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % Fuel Sulfur)
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D6618-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in Diesel Four-Stroke Cycle Supercharged 1M-PC Single Cylinder Oil Test Engine
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D86-23 - Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D6922-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Homogeneity and Miscibility in Automotive Engine Oils
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D7156-19 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in the T-11 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D396-21 - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D6681-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
Effective Date
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D97–09
Designation: 15/95
Standard Test Method for
1
Pour Point of Petroleum Products
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD97;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D117 GuideforSampling,TestMethods,andSpecifications
for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
1.1 This test method covers and is intended for use on any
2
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
petroleum product. Aprocedure suitable for black specimens,
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
cylinderstock,andnondistillatefueloilisdescribedin8.8.The
D5853 Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
cloud point procedure formerly part of this test method now
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
appears as Test Method D2500.
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and
1.2 Currently there is no ASTM test method for automated
Lubricants
Test Method D97 pour point measurements.
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1.3 Several ASTM test methods offering alternative proce-
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
dures for determining pour points using automatic apparatus
4
Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers
areavailable.Noneofthemsharethesamedesignationnumber
as Test Method D97. When an automatic instrument is used,
3. Terminology
the ASTM test method designation number specific to the
3.1 Definitions:
technique shall be reported with the results. A procedure for
3.1.1 black oil, n—lubricant containing asphaltic materials.
testing the pour point of crude oils is described inTest Method
Blackoilsareusedinheavy-dutyequipmentapplications,such
D5853.
as mining and quarrying, where extra adhesiveness is desired.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2 cylinder stock, n—lubricant for independently lubri-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
cated engine cylinders, such as those of steam engines and air
standard.
compressors. Cylinder stock are also used for lubrication of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
valves and other elements in the cylinder area.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 pour point, n—in petroleum products, the lowest
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
temperature at which movement of the test specimen is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
observed under prescribed conditions of test.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 residual fuel, n—a liquid fuel containing bottoms
2. Referenced Documents remaining from crude distillation or thermal cracking; some-
3 times referred to as heavy fuel oil.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Residual fuels comprise Grades 4, 5,
and 6 fuel oils, as defined in Specification D396.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally
approved in 1927, replacing D47. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as
D97–08.
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization
Committee. This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM-IP Standard in 1965.
DOI: 10.1520/D0097-09.
2
Statements defining this test and its significance when applied to electrical
insulating oils of mineral origin will be found in Guide D117.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on MethodsforAnalysisandTesting,IPStandardsforPetroleumanditsProducts,
the ASTM website. Part I, Vol 2.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D97–09
NOTE—Dimensions are in millimetres (not to scale).
FIG. 1 Apparatus for Pour Point Test
4. Summary of Test Method 6.3 Cork, to fit the test jar, bored centrally for the test
thermometer.
4.1 After preliminary heating, the sample is cooled at a
specified rate and examined at intervals of 3°C for flow 6.4 Jacket,watertight,cylindrical,metal,flat-bottomed,115
characteristics. The lowest temperature at which movement of 6 3-mm depth, with inside diameter of 44.2 to 45.8 mm. It
the specimen is observed is recorded as
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D97–08 Designation:D97–09
Designation: 15/95
Standard Test Method for
1
Pour Point of Petroleum Products
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD97;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This test method covers and is intended for use on any petroleum product. A procedure suitable for black specimens,
cylinder stock, and nondistillate fuel oil is described in 8.8.Aprocedure for testing the fluidity of a residual fuel oil at a specified
temperatureisdescribedinAppendixX1.ThecloudpointprocedureformerlypartofthistestmethodnowappearsasTestMethod
D2500.
1.2 Currently there is no ASTM test method for automated Test Method D97 pour point measurements.
1.3 Several ASTM test methods offering alternative procedures for determining pour points using automatic apparatus are
available. None of them share the same designation number as Test Method D97. When an automatic instrument is used, the
ASTMtestmethoddesignationnumberspecifictothetechniqueshallbereportedwiththeresults.Aprocedurefortestingthepour
point of crude oils is described in Test Method D5853.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D117 Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils D1659Test Method for Maximum Fluidity Temperature of Residual Fuel Oil
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products D3245Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel Oils
D5853 Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and Lubricants
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
4
Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 black oil, n—lubricant containing asphaltic materials. Black oils are used in heavy-duty equipment applications, such as
mining and quarrying, where extra adhesiveness is desired.
3.1.2 cylinder stock, n—lubricant for independently lubricated engine cylinders, such as those of steam engines and air
compressors. Cylinder stock are also used for lubrication of valves and other elements in the cylinder area.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on
Flow Properties.
CurrenteditionapprovedSept.1,2008.April15,2009.PublishedSeptember2008.April2009.Originallyapprovedin1927,replacingD47.Lastpreviouseditionapproved
in 20072008 as D97–07. D97–08.
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM-IP Standard in 1965.
2
Statements defining this test and its significance when applied to electrical insulating oils of mineral origin will be found in Guide D117.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Withdrawn.
4
Methods for Analysis and Testing, IP Standards for Petroleum and its Products, Part I, Vol 2.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D97–09
3.1.3 pour point, n—in petroleum products, the lowest temperature at which movement of the test specimen is observed under
prescribed conditions of test.
3.1.4 residual fuel, n—a liquid fuel containing bottoms remaining from crude distillation or thermal cracking; sometimes
referred to as heavy fuel oil.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Residual fuels comprise Grades 4, 5, an
...

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Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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