ASTM D4056-16

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Knowledge of the water content is important in lubrication, as large amounts of water can cause corrosion fatigue in steel bearings, and the complete absence of water can cause metal scuffing.  
5.2 High water content has an accelerating effect on oxidation of lubricants, and can also contribute to foaming, especially at high altitude or temperature, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon and aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277 K and 373 K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to moderate polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30 000 ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.  
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro compounds, and alcohols.  
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not containing widely different chemical species. This excludes blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying additives.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2015
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.L0.07 - Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids (Formally D02.1100)

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4056 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and
1
Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D1298Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the
ucts by Hydrometer Method
equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon
D2502Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Mo-
and aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277K
lecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measure-
and 373K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to
ments
moderate polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solu-
D3238Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
bilities not over 1000ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or
and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
30000ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298K.
n-d-M Method
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro
compounds, and alcohols.
3. Terminology
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
containing widely different chemical species. This excludes
3.1.1 charge transfer parameter—the portion of the solubil-
blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing
ity parameter not attributed to London or Keesom forces.
detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying
3.1.1.1 Discussion—It includes hydrogen bonds, induced
additives.
dipoles, and other quasichemical forces.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.1.2 Discussion—The square of the solubility parameter
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
equals the sum of the squares of the three partial parameters.
standard.
3.1.2 dispersion parameter—the portion of the solubility
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
parameter attributed to London forces.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 polar parameter—the portion of the solubility param-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
eter attributed to Keesom (permanent dipole) forces.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4 solubility parameter—the square root of the cohesive
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
energy density (heat of vaporization minus work of
vaporization, per unit volume of liquid), at 298K.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.2 Symbols:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D94Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum
C = percentage of aromatic carbons,
A
Products
C = percentage of naphthenic carbons,
N
D1218Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
d = density of lubricant at 298K, g/mL,
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
G = solubility by weight, mg/kg (ppm),
M = molecular weight of lubricant, g/mol,
n = refractive index of lubricant at 298K,
D
1
RH = relative humidity,%,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
S = saponification number, mg of KOH/g of lubricant,
SubcommitteeD02.L0.07onEngineeringSciencesofHighPerformanceFluidsand
T = system temperature, K,
Solids (Formally D02.1100).
V = molar volume of lubricant, mL/mol,
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originally
x = mole fraction of water in equilibrium mixture,
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4056–01 (2010).
y = Lorentz-Lorenz refractivity function,
DOI: 10.1520/D4056-16.
0.5
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
δ = dispersion parameter, (MPa) ,
d
0.5
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
P = polar parameter, (MPa) ,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 0.5
H = charge transfer parameter, (MPa) ,
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4056 − 16
0.5
H 50.00173 SM/V (7)
φ = volume fraction of lubricant in equilibrium mixture,
1
and
6.5 Calculate the volume fraction of water at 298K and
φ = volume fraction of water in equilibrium mixture.
2 saturation as follows:
2 2
1⁄φ 5exp@0.00726 φ ~~18.00 2δ ! 1 2.39 ~15.55
4. Summary of Test Method 2 1 d
2 2
2P) 12.3
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4056 − 01 (Reapproved 2010) D4056 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and
1
Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon and
aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277277 K and 373 K. 373 K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to
moderate polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not over 1000 ppm 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or
30 000 ppm 30 000 ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.298 K.
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro compounds, and alcohols.
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not containing widely different chemical species. This excludes blends
of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying additives.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D94 Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum Products
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D2502 Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Molecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measurements
D3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M
Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 charge transfer parameter—the portion of the solubility parameter not attributed to London or Keesom forces.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.L0.07 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids (Formally D02.1100).
Current edition approved May 1, 2010Jan. 1, 2016. Published May 2010March 2016. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20062010 as
D4056 – 01 (2010). (2006). DOI: 10.1520/D4056-01R10.10.1520/D4056-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
It includes hydrogen bonds, induced dipoles, and other quasichemical forces.
3.1.1.2 Discussion—
The square of the solubility parameter equals the sum of the squares of the three partial parameters.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4056 − 16
3.1.2 dispersion parameter—the portion of the solubility parameter attributed to London forces.
3.1.3 polar parameter—the portion of the solubility parameter attributed to Keesom (permanent dipole) forces.
3.1.4 solubility parameter—the square root of the cohesive energy density (heat of vaporization minus work of vaporization,
per unit volume of liquid), at 298 K.298 K.
3.2 Symbols:
C = percentage of aromatic carbons,
A
C = percentage of naphthenic carbons,
N
d = density of lubricant at 298 K, g/mL,
d = density of lubricant at 298 K, g/mL,
G = solubility by weight, mg/kg (ppm),
M = molecular weight of lubricant, g/mol,
n = refractive index of lubricant at 298 K,
D
n = refractive index of lubricant at 298 K,
D
RH = relative humidity, %,
S = saponification number, mg of KOH/g of lubricant,
...